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a No Go wd on OY ~] (ee) Ke) a © a — No (ee) = ws On a OY a ~] a co a Ke) 20 21 22 ae 24 ae Case 1:20-cr-00330-PAE Document 782 Filed 01/15/25 Page 43o0f158 43 LBAGma x2 Rocchio - Direct A. So the definitions can vary. They're all generally referring to the same process. But the specific definition may vary in different studies. So you have to be sure that the literature, when reviewing it, you have to understand what definition they're using. Q. How can you rely on the empirical studies when there is variance across the different definitions of grooming used in those studies? A. To the extent they're talking about the same kind of process in the context of childhood sexual abuse. And again, grooming, not only may there be variances in definition of grooming, but the same patterns and behavior are sometimes referred to by different names. But what you really want to look for are the commonalities. So for example, are what offenders tell us they do, does that -- to what degree of overlap is there between that and what victims tell us that they have experienced. When professionals talk about the kinds of behaviors, how much overlap and agreement is there between professionals, say, in similar fields, but also in different fields in characterizing these common phenomenon, the common phenomenon. Do studies look at samples of substantiated cases of abuse? A. Yes. Q. What does that mean? A. So some of the research has been done that has looked at SOUTHERN DISTRICT REPORTERS, P.C. (212) 805-0300 DOJ-OGR-00014919