EFTA00678760.pdf

From: To: Bcc: Subject: Date: Attachments: Inline-Images: Gregory Brown <gbrowal.920@gimail.com> Greg Brown <gbtown4-9-70@hotmaikeem> jeevacation@gmail.com Greg Brown's Weekend Reading and Other Things.... 09/01/2013 Sun, 01 Sep 2013 11:49:53 +0000 Peggy_Noonan_attacks_Obamacarefor_doing_what_Peggy_Noonan_wants_Obamacare_to do Ezra Klein TWP August_21„2013.pdf; West_Wing_- —Wgy_at; we_ehangitTg_maps_September_1,2013.pdf; R.I.P._Mutlel_Siebert„Still_Waiting_For_That_Equality_Rachel_Sklar_August_26„2013.p df; How_Technology_Wrecks_the_Middle_Class_David_Autor_&_David_Dom_NYT_August 24„2013.pdf; The Complete_Idioes_Chart_to_Understanding_The_Middle_East_September_1„2013.pdf Oceans Levels_Are_Getting_Higher„Can_We_Do_Anything_About_It_National_Geograp hic_August_27,2013.pdf; The_rising_and_sinking_threats_to_our_cities_BBC_July_13„2013.pdf; Top_10_Best_Health_Care_Systems_in_the_World_Sammy_Said_Busienssinsideriuly_3 0„2013.pdf; The_Most_Efficient_Healthcare_Systems_In_The_World_Kavitha_Davidson_Huff_Post_08 -29-2013.pdf; Fifty_years_after_March_on_Washington„economic_gap_between_blacks„whites_persists Michael Fletcher TWP August_28,2013.pdf; FULL_TRANSCRIPT,President_Ob_=? WINDOWS-1252?—Q?am:=92s_speech_on_the_50th_anni? =_versaty_of_the_March_on_Washington_TWPAugust_28„2013.pdf; Marvin_Gaye_bio_09_01_2013.pdf; image.png; image(1).png; image(2).png; image(3).png; image(4).png; image(5).png; image(6).png; image(7).png; image(8).png; image(9).png; image(10).png; image(11).png; image(12).png; image(13).png image(14).png; image(15).png; image(16).png; image(17).png; image(18).png; image(19).png DEAR FRIEND.... The story of NASCAR's Richie Parker asks you to leave your excuses at the door s .,ESPN: Richie Parker video This is Richie Parker. He's a number of things: car enthusiast, engineer, employee, son. He's a normal guy for his age, working a job in a field he loves. Oh, he also happens to have no arms. After watching this video from ESPN, we can't help but think that Richie might describe himself in just such a way, with his birth defect a secondary part of his life, scarcely worth mentioning. His story is a remarkable one, about not letting bumps in the road stop you and about finding ingenious solutions to problems you or I have never thought about. EFTA00678760 Richie was born with bilateral amelia, a non-genetic birth defect in which limbs aren't formed. While the idea of not having any arms might be terrifying to many, as shown in the video, having dealt with it since birth has lead Richie to develop a number of interesting solutions. He can ride a bike, open the fridge and microwave on his own, use a computer and drive a car with his feet — virtually everything we can do (and take for granted) Richie can do with a bit of determination and creativity. Not surprisingly, finding those interesting solutions to everyday problems teamed with his love of cars led to a job at one of the finest NASCAR teams in the country. Take a look at the full video from ESPN, embedded below. Weblink: http://www.youtu be .com/watch ?v=q LD M BD PC EYMeatu re=youtu .be After viewing the above video please understand how lucky you are as there a thousands of people like Richie Parker who managed to overcome similar issues in equally impressive ways and like Richie, they do it with a smile. Last week I was touched by Bryant Gumbel's summary on his HBO show Real Sports With Bryant Gumbel, as he spoke about the hypocrisy that America blindly ignores when they single athletes like superstar NY Yankee slugger, Alex Rodriguez who was recently given a 211 game suspension by Major League Baseball Commissioner Bud Selig for the use of banned steroids and the shock and outrage of his alleged drug use by the media and public, when America is crazy about drugs. "Today Americans reach for a drug for any and everything, for problems real or imagined, which is why we consume more pills than any other nation on earth and why TV ads are relentlessly selling us XARELTO, ABILIFY, STELARA, PRADAXA and dozens of other drugs we never even guessed we supposedl(function()freturnfunction(e,t,n)(ifeeliftlIhOreturn CONTINUE;var r=ScannerfromMessage(e);r.setLocale(t);var a=loadHelperrlafourchette.com-microdata- parserjs'lo=r®type":"http://schema.org/Organization",name:"La Fourchette",urk"http://www.lafourchette.comn,s=r.getSpanO.nextText(n.restaurantInformationB lockLabel),i.s.nextTag("table6").innerPhoneNumberal=s.nextText(n.restaurantUrIPrefix).nextLink (),g=a(e);if(g)return g[o].reservationStatus="http://schema.org/ReservationCancelled",g[o].bookingAgent=o,glblreser vationFor.telephone=i,grolreservationFor.ur1=1,g;var p,m,h,u,c,d;d=e.subject. index0f(n.emailType)>-.1?r.getSpanO.innerCapture(regExpFormatted(Abli (1wW,n.hello),0:r.getSpanO.nextTag("table2").innerTag("tr2").nextTag("tr2").innerTag("td2").tag Contents().innerCapture(regExpFormatted(/(*)W,n.underNameSuffix),O.trimavar x.r.getSpanO.nextrag("table5");if(c=x.nextDateap=x.nextTag("table6").allInnerTags("tr6") [2].allInnerTags("td6")DJ.tagContents().innerCapture(ffld+)/4),h= (""-Fs.nextTag("td5").tagContents()).splitrtn"Kolsplit("<")l0Prima (u.s.nextAddress())==r.gethrullSpan()){var T=""+s.nextTag("td5").tagContents();u.T.index0f("http://")>-.0 T.substring(T.lastIndex0r>")+1,T.length).replace(/(trinI Ini 10/gm," '9.trim):T.replace(/(trIni In ir)/gm,", ").trimOketurn ASSERT(p,h,c,d)? ({"@context":"htip://schema.org","@type":"http://schema.org/FoodEstablishmentReservation",par tySize:p,reservationId:m,reservationStatus:"htip://schema.org/ReservationCancelled",reservation For: {"@type":"http://schema.org/FoodEstablishment",name:h,ur1:1,telephone:i,address:u),stariTime:c, bookingAgent:o,underplame:c@typ":"httpl/schena.orgiPersoir,namdifiapid 011).calla, coggppoguipxssguwwuuwwpuwwguwwuuwwwwwuuwwguwwyuwwpOwwguww puwwgumrtypirlywgirww#Crwwperwwgerwwuxsspiugggggo€ €000999w9uvvgeOtillualluallgeillgalluallual10.110110EPallgallgalluallual10110EPO vvgwyggpogge, €0099999/1-ffiguiTYa/Ma/Ma/ThedTha/MtiOtiOalliti/ThatTheitatiONTOtiffutiffutlagelagalTh EFTA00678761 OTTVIHHijiiliQQQQ,QC coggyugggIFFUURROYYWYWYOYYudYYMiYYOYYWYgtiYYpelYYUclYYpaYYpaYYMiYYuclY ygdyygdyygoyygIRROFFaippoppge €hoppUUUIDDUUPPyaWWyaWWUaWWyaWWyaWWyaWWUdWWUaWWUaWWUaWWydWWya WWyaWWydWWUaWWyaWWgeWWyaWWyUPPyIDDyygyyygg€ ohyyyyyyyEAMIcKy,0OO8,0'OOy0OOpOOOy,0008oOOg0O0UOOOy,0OOg,0'OOy,O'OOg0OOyO op)99op000p000powoopegacuEAAggoosequosofic<<On plAgIAAULAQIAAUIAAUIAA91AAglAAWAAULAApIAAUIAAULAAUIAAUIAAWAVAVAAU E?? PQ«90900€ AggPOPPPOOPOPPOPPOOOPOPPOPPOPPOPPPOOMPOPPOPPOPPOPPPOOM 0090000000000e €JUUUUUUUUUUU}l?l?IyyyyUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU OO9OOOPiiiiiii)QOPPOP#€. . . eiiO9OO99O9OO9999OOOOO9OuPPPOPPOPPPOOOO99O99PPOPPOPPOOM PPOPPOOPPOQUOPPOMe. . . egggO9999O9OOO999OOOO999999OPOPPOPPOOOO99999999999OOOOOOO POPPOOOPPOPPOPPOPPe egggOO999OOOO9OOOOO999999OOOOOO9OOO9OO9OOOOOO9OOO UUUUUUUUUUUUUyyyyUUUUUUUU€ 02OOOOO9O1)QO99999OOO99VVVVOUPPOPPOPPOPPOPPOPPO99999OOOOOO PPOPPOOPPVOOPPPOPPpac K r?€ r vecepeaveavec oxen jecegerep • -eaverextrUceez---we CJUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU€€€n"€€€Z---g€'€ €OOOOOOOO9999999OOOOOOOOO9999999Peceifigenevez---Ke eifyymyyymmyyymyyyyyyyyymyyyymmyyymyyyyOeveMODOPeeetweez--- CIJYYYMBHMYYMEMYYYWBENYYYYYYYYMMYYMEMYYYWEEffigeeePOQugqqggegeneeeZ--Per #O9 OO9OPVVOOPPPO9ODD9999OOOOO€61O2O999PupPuppOuggefictlez--- PectIAPPOPPOPOOO999999OOO9OOOOOO9999OPearfte yCCCy€€ egeregare LI 7 7PecciiPPOPPOPPOPPP9999PPPOPPOPPOMBBBBPer €lJyyyggygggyyyyyyygy9OOOOrrrt3333 r999equgeaveavecegeaveregefajeceve eewergecegareavere1/2 _y_ecepogoggggfigoo.440-L til-ercsipz.. TV'O 96 #34060 96h°7 n U%g(N2COH-r: #1€1VOig-zEgl-0):*0e-TY7 rojp1h47))4,x6(0! 11410 go-O9 F 1 n C49300,0 %@7 ig/lOcerm° Ln Li °AMUUfIU Eog,1- egbsida±- n Juiti-d_p45f0E A if 1=igsfavax-m.t3wkitxdrynin tEv97...oemp, uoaw thyE9^04Tiiiip tokyEt%000442fflaihsuptio.9.02 `2f-7- 196o w%ofleangAfiacti&-I u °IV) p+xEfiTheulbegfiegat_Kg...- 1-1Pagi: -.11's.48...CIAAMT@ogVUU=SeiD/h© P*LITPCVPCV.PC'crwE±L111-1-1 VgalptYi%m349 -•-Ablill8zrEUC%oesJYi—t Le° CI OWEurcnnOWE± 1-100 - WertgIN -Lr -Mlu(UEurcpygrO(uti eB1- / uggal—/ u°.31 g'uEUD'OD'OD'O'ut)-RBI / 1°)Sq&thijCarmgC*98rtrclAt—i uorige.i9agionwito goaggaagj-smngaigaahjagioahj®®±gmmo)»guyeignaiuttgctxg&sEvR*AQtia4OOo,go CueliggiugapjamtdeepPxxxvotippmaig9640 2I-1 upailitetiV" Tiffg agtlYa° (Q€- L'OeTV;;;Pqqqg '#OOO-ININN-1 II wilCCCR:::1###Veld Le r@@@gagigalijaallagiVatigaaligaig§a4§§1ifialugalgatlijaaligelhAlualijaalugglOtigaalig§§4§ 402ParlijallijellualgaglijaalUgaggelijellijaluiligaglija.0014114112ijaWlijaalUagipagiggrigili PatlijellijIMifigifigh)gallailPITIP1141.14§§41M)galla1101-41141.14§§1PaghAlpatipafigellija.111) MOM jaalgal41141.14§§41BUMP10141141.141141M)B111110141141.14§ 11PIT rijeiluilluagiuggli jaalW0ellijelluggiOnVagi011011ijellijellualt 46,1 d2xAw i;auggiuggi1/2 ")g=aug? CEC11,13,130.0Walugair- nO8fOU13.69G"q@CE111,3zAAINgabyal ing=9601:19Guakl- OG"4>E0Aki Lcngellifial Lrn #704,621E1/2&_) I L ax.tt3PAUMMUI- OH•SaP<960U„.Biggilifigi‘ liothj:#11V?CEkg; "CP-1w7d.- EFTA00678762 #9t.gfreowciAigcOvriiki3Atii7f6A-Paplijai-i n LO-op#@.fikrapA2a,531Blia "AJz9=gUOYa#@40fi3/4)bYm2wAg><*cOtip><11/0/291-1 lijgglija114-4:telkingl- egrag;"Uti:_-rL112yAgA2aPCIAig:*CIPiXABY 6i16,442a#C*1#<9600- 96 rrijgglijggI7 n x,m39>crip-'41-1•egGV? CEfltirx,-1 n LIVAg9tUPS.a ii4-r „ tAlp:ql:gBilvagssimotirrTogriiimwl-Fap9ttigoevi pragrragrapc.ag9tuv*F"v4=.tygc.feap<960u:•-gz -n474; "NciPANE.I3ii 4E1D4 Migniiggic+rOltiff)6> rrN41g.(Ypc-ap.,y÷6,Arp.(ypctig.(Yc'dx f L 4v.13olpea 0047...x8 affixAp.,kgB•agibitr—si evalogig9tPoizt(ell NAPS- 0024@ fkii4COPOND5.6g@.a#A26#6f02 t)Jii4vp9t0p.eig>‹per+m 'QVB#7„xpeswgia÷pioxf 0ce 7 -1 I7 4:7r LOMPOlgetig:^0D(hearf-rrif *g<gf:VA*1p9*6 :R2* ,#1-p; 96000.4: "en4/3„che <gt*t 0481'0{1.14; *ogo I/arc-a_ Lepaggagsttip? .69=93P3COOISI@EACrc0;96.?Y#049*0-. TO riC95 <b#@248tef i@y f®14871Ve4; %olg$^* #&6,14>0411109PUI•mUK-egI•xUBZJVcoll©WIPHOHU)11413tN>CE49#U1- uAA11110!8#4,xg>CE4=<102CIOA:77&e 1146„Clp.iip<Sfle-wi 7 • nfl*111#;96oPP #5f0a4Ol 11 Ma1/2 3/44 .0#@.PPH•4J-41-41—epi•4:*00"M14 • r L 1#§§4§04 N011g; 960PP>T47...eAS‘i LrnAL g9*CipOelpstel±ir 7 -1.6-uAg<$13P .6#45,,Ue fiR?ciA3#4,xg>fffig=q1-6/z1 7 -,:(17 45af©Um.wmgoiro9404.1—ep—ep—w—ew— eg=gukssrA h igavairtip5,4>(ag>‹eig6f0„Mod:!3g4fikop>,a#=gfig3€64 1?jg7„Up? CE4; "YO(h riceisLys...tipeetotO:AP*-17 45q-gilv"oePOOPPPPWRJ-41-41-egH"mg:t06 i• 17 JUF4ggi rr' x"g6„Up=<agesopao-aseso" 1-§#81-U#>CE6#811:14Y- P-FRI/{1g<gfiu=<eig3406G-?"9 risil-w0;960Pij=<4,3*3H-P.:-17 43,1- OA? CFPUG"4.2E40000,141-e#9"mgKEIV-4-4?4§§4§.07-1 Im)0/20...UU=.148... Um*R1/2Q1Z-BOCOg=SaP=.1a000; LoiLMf#7„Ug>thg13...U, X-VOG#40x#><4;"Pm*pir2 L n11 45.1- gollOCEIVG"41-41-402E40000C'igNEPWIIO-Tcql-trPgrig§:§1B0,5i1/1 ev: "IV= gipstuti3eopoirp>etig7... /Jo vial(goop<geig<gap3cot)i±p9*yp= cci#6„ fj< jCq/7 45-Z WIV><PPF".4H•ep•egy•egH•epceAtiggggOtiiigiik50-f /7 salon. 7->k9400#<9604? TaT><4?ffift#<9604200? -3A"148...U#><ii#<%od9<960figKEIV<%04.1-6.•196-17 43-zwi (17-#17"411.4H•eglf•egH•e#H•egrmg',.,egm.TF9 '10f-IP§4§§yLnA7M5,14>(602Zig@4#47„UA7V4.43COU=ga0260±4@*2-#91-01%da-17 tZYU.I1p=(YpeagG•OGIOG•OG•OG•gijrap=<IV.I lOafQ- fifyg§:§-9MAIIIii*get#7„ OP> olg; :13U1-6.&17-1, n 14(1,0...iig@lhipA±ap=grig3Cxr&Aa-17 OtYYfi.gg=.tYpE'agG"g#G"g#G"g#G"OGVEZU=Srp.ff0 tZY17 -Igalij§§10 96@gol 45#6fUO€xt"^#116^g3exu=glig@*i#:*PilV"0 f11-1--H7 161M- fig<ftvaproF"c9F"oro.roup.9<gtg-ati tzki 7 Iggoijoitv it7'6)rAo#4+.91.1: 4 6,u49i1V> olg ^coil *17 id fYYU-(4<girp'agrgijrcijrcijrcgrOD'ag<1*-{10IZV7 Vggigggr-1C41-450,10P13VDJR17 101Ykg,lig;960k#OVE"ggrgijEVEcprOCilg; %Yy,zfOlYYl7 Valijggi I 101P/2>k iSA (MAI"-5 L L/7 "OlYfga7.19; 965:irgc:Z#E:cljE:cljeckeggeOCag;96ofg,z16-1Yf-17 9ggiTgai7 Ic?lxrp+0,9:"Ip34)4D'ODWD'OD'OD'OBleop:^1":0+yteVXV7 Vgglijk017 401XY.9+09:"Irp*ipD'ODWD'OD'ODWB*Ig:^1V+yltolXV7 L 451WYU-Fx1g:UpB4Nip*,91Y4D*PD`mgD*PBOli#:*Clg+xi(31W217 Vaggal-lititio.0-#9agougA•agc4c-mgcmgc-mgcmgA4kipoug*x07-wi-17 jab jaik§FpgapaigalijoRa* waiigg9goijaiiim job szysscyssC pgripaiijavgagaloAApmmommotruu0AA#mwmpraopp- 4cOmpc*x•pcOmpcifrxgcogegAzAp9tug"wrp<i AgOcietpxmcgmxcg.wmcp®®±Og4g000pogolgagoopgpagoogaggaggaiii§§4§apagga logiorigaiiimk§§4§§4gaggoorgiaggalogooljggpa9goijavigniikeppfigmmommosst nnnKielopugggue.69Q-egB4implempl?-4@zeipstuowlp; AgOutigmmommommcp®®±Oawaloogov&wpapigwooggpag# gYYYPnnng tti-pilatiggogueeigQ-egB 4>24@ Otig8...U0404.11171:11011012w%%%pbbbguuug I I I p..---kadapoompN•To... uourOlui-hchigaiiimicavuipxxxiiiggfiro***padeloggpaag7462.41 raiggagag# EFTA00678763 PYYYP0000 74(10{{(Off§ gxxxgmmm0"1—1 Iggfigalw$$$#aaagtttij{{fgzz4xxx#tttgmmmg1110§.011/1/1/0110111BBBOgggttbjsssgonnghhh# ' ' pwwwA«<1=0 gRRR#ccoUgggg" TXXXIBBBx$$$# - Ik«<URRRIBBBx$$$#-1-1-1 # 7? e@ r11117./7./ f II IdAAAbBBR2f IdAAAbBBB2—xc LLLirrryn AJJJ,LLLITragff,JJJ- LLL, r r LLL- LLL, ro.§ LL 9_ fin" rrr-4-uillillrrrr4-11-LIFInce...m;;;.J.1.1eLLih>>>M;;;•-1-041,LLih>>>L-1-0.f666-777772 RRR ttti— TITIRRRR 1-1 4k1/11W—e,s01 Yz--- A AA Abbbbz 'YU>Yz---A A A Abbbbz YUtrrritQ QQCCCC????rPPPIf 77 7t r r ritQQQCCCC????rPPPV7 7 7 I I IV9999,5550- I I IP JJJ£JJJi/Ilrrrr I I, f:JJJ§E_LLI: III„„ i:JJJ§•• LL L:•••JJJJ7 77 7: I I I© rrr- " L:•••-" Ji 7 7 7 7:1 I I© r rriuft Liwyy•••,r Li-cYp 11 t t tA._ ®®”222®] mirr a -555„222®.1r r r rr®-5557)))•"'- 7 7 78111-441@kg®L' !! MNIIISIIIWOgk g®£ II VIN1116666'+++C--0000q.XXX.20 :....1/I Him A A A ÷÷++0000qXXX2=4... /./ !Rim A A A ÷+++74 14:•••rITT-111(eeee>> » «<>» <«CalUEVE"cgeggrgpecUrcgE"cgeggeggeg#01#>CEeigafx Mr- A77 7d •••-1 -17 77 71-1-1-1.147 7 790 -Og= giglYcpD'OD'cijD'OD'OD'ODWD'OD'ODWA <,4`130445- A723/4.!.2E-1-1.,E4/2 g.1797...ui<giv<Vv<SA=the fikagBAaUC`mgC4.B 04? 4 041#8tUP10.6960 !Bo Lnjgc 11 T -7-, "Sc®. 1=g*sAg.po0w) Op° -Op6„cru>srEeipsOmpA4Mg= ceig6„U6,v.EUADjEE40222Ej rrrh rrrEa666gol Op <960.130tig =g45,0e&h 2-FdIZMY&8(8CE7 7 7 umueedczvci Momp-z48...tip9tkooti3Ar7L 66661„,2—0000ulOGY 400113/4• Mb^ A A ++++rwIWIOp. {0C-L;g7 I-7 A 7W1/4 maSSS—ITITeeee»»«< 4999MMMM111111AllIbbbb""BBBB "TRIM LLLL r 7Lijecepecexcepeeepanceep eeepee 00099099999POPPPPOOMPOPeeeiiggPOPPPeeelieeePeeneeelieeegeeePeeePee e? PeerOPPOgggeee099999PPOP999PPOPPOPPeeedeeeBmPeeeliggOOPPee eligggOgOlififiPPPPUOceePYYlro p"PeeeiiPPPOOKe jiui./09POPPiiiiii0PPOPPU iiiiQQ0099999PeeelieeeYAQQiiiiQee eliPPOPUUUU0iiiiii099999PPUPPOPUUUU0iiiiiieeeijeeejAPPOuee erJYYYYYYYYYWEEMYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY.YeetWee#0000e€ egYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYMYYYYY.YeaTiCeeriPOQQQQQC€ ezigyyy000Qiiiiii0OPPOPPPPOOPPUQiiiiiieeelieeeiAPPOPOee eliPPO P9i)OPPPPPUPPPPOOP9ii eeelieeelieeePeeePeeelieeelieee'PeeePee evecepeeegectweeeiguLeipm„642E1#2z-Atiwpgm„5.11±?!! -P1):iIK0'UM„ oJI *</V-FUM„011„#M„gM„pm„gm„gm„gm„pm„pm„711{®84,-(p -eeepecegarge eepeetw, , pm, , pm, pm„ gm„ gm„ T-R9l-g€€€g€€€y€€€v€€€g€€€g€€ €j€€€g€€€eA3IILO.yM,,@Gw©-111 k Alpme.pm„oHz201-ss4;spm..pm„ar(-84-(7? €@r11fI r17 7 -1.-e-MILL/C--; n i1=J kc&'AcE671'FGutISU2I1Acepkm-FHx 7-17 r r rR 6tivrTIAloparghi±gioghiogfg- pbc1:#1d±-BCq rrrr rrviNgmoVbd§gacito a£÷_ait÷_a¢a'bEri'bCpik3x? @kU!"8§;@j1FH4tuACDri$96= '96&?p+,Ighj±gbd§UTU#FHx0IJI1=>hle? Alliabmgik3¢>WFH.rijiDICDrA F-Fpii‘gknois !7p+,Ighiopeg-. 023u+44_17 7 97i+-k)*Fa'bxUik3E? @kA $96>aBCp II oil Mce(:)gdfel 1-4-p+,Ighj26 '12mcgdrii 'Lilt I 11OQ*Umo*o_a¢gik31@Amj)*F'DRso>@jii L/ p, pliff-F 9 ,Ighk2zi'brzgdfitiA I4JLGVgio_ag q_ ik3¢>@j1/2 1JIUsuAaEX"#: *45X 8 ? 1-)p-F,Ighk211'191(gce©OA MKLeijgj°0agik ?@k-.BCpgjlpUTU2„34V#1ozupsis,- Kp-F,Ighj211'IntgceCYOA 14*-FAIK-ghj±a_a¢gik3E? @k—CDrpknfiVWT/oQOac:Ueg-j)*Ep+,Ighk21.1'bxgbd§ga4 INTO„Ot A Oijce©fi 'bxgik3E? EFTA00678764 @k—CDrgkn•OUVOCi2Tggi—gloll*+Gp+,1gik2flabrObdgbdggi—gce©jobd:fiablegik3L'? @k-J3COltiwYZ—q„JeYr°HlzA-749h++Hggic'zi'llEkbc1:#bd§ilacil2bdgbd§il'12Apik30>? figHxijqsA2EFti 177 L Li-tv./NgmoVbdgbd§iiacill'ImiabxgacYfilAVikrABni !!!! u!"8 Li—rn rrrQv 5YUWIDcepdrghj±gik2phj±WhUbd§ghj2,BCq r rrr r rrr 1- 4:TO'96&? 960,56Z±DRORTCEOgkmifFHw-17-1 rn- A tti fr$$@frrrn rrr Lrn Lrn 7 rn 7 rrrri-rrn rrr Lri-T LI-1-77 rrraLLI&O$M1-4-c"A(66(cmNfK-42-1rr 7 Lrn rrf110$ 1:11&c&A.78111FHwOQSSel-Ndfaghj±ufh#mo°^$%> 177 L 061 4‘968(? .1561—CEsiOPti[Meg-4giggiVhj±Whggdflpbd§iiacYzi'1240°Y##;i77 irn+,1-1-ABnEM001^cegbd geg«#hj±gik2gfh(ggclfibbd:Oac:ilacKiacYilacYgac:kbd§gbd§iiacieUhk2Z#$;. LL/ Lrm rrieg-gkm# dfcgce©gbd§joac:fiaciii'lconilaclegac:Pbd§Pbdgbdgbd§gbd§gbd§gbd§gbd§iiac4hj+2## rn ORT CEgdfca'Wbclittbd§pbdgbdgbdgbdgbd§gbd§gbd§gbd§gbd§gbd§gbdgbdgbd§ilacieghj±Z"#;-.1 IA? lrrrrrrUSUVh- gacleubdgbdgbdgbdgbdgbdgbdgbdgbdgbdgbdgbdgbd§gbd§gbd§iiacYgik 'L-A2Nrv4gdfrgeg-AXZ-b&'@ rrrn rrn rrrrrCISU2Wh- gacieubdgbdgbdgbdgbdgbd§gbd§gbdgbdgbdgbdgbdgbdgbd§pbd§ilacY01 F-L.w./NUmo ecutufhgce->1 rr-uql larrCISUlgfh- iiacYgbdgbd§kbd:ilacItilacieilacleilacYilacillacirgacOacYgac:#10dgbdgbd§iiacY01 'Hu-/n++Hpjnyi 'tine 'aEihj2-:;b7 rrrwINJ3VrilX1'•,33U Lrn USIT2ufh- gac4bd§kbd:Uce©ggiVgi ggiVgiVgiVgiVgiVhj±gflObsUbdgbd§ilaciegfl '0-1-/o+,Igkinfri'brl'1901V2 >?ie.(Bgik3gdfcgcrkjIps-.LUSU2W74acil2bd:Pce©11],°DEs?@Am—:? igikho a£e aEphj±2EFILUSUZufhgacIrgacluthORP '96&?s,-Ky/oPTO %&?£? @kg;=eAJL-Udfclgod:gbd§iiac4hj2r#:IL-ob&A+444) II II ai= KCISU±gfh- gacie#bd§kbd:gceufh(gghfghj2,44-2EFugprigh®WhObd:gbd§gbd§ilac4ik2S I6-d-PL%&>MAT3W""9c"Ab&'@. —,41456Z.78^49111' rrlYSIT2WhgacYgbd§gbd§tbd§ilacigac:ii'bn (rii-m?@Whj±÷_ctogacigbd§gbdgbd§ilacYjl 'gikVik2)/ I • USU'Vh- gacleubdgbdgbd§kbd:Ubdgbd§)//-•-f@Bmpik311'Intgbd§gbd§gbd§gbd§ilacYpjl'Hu-/n*-FHOI '÷_attil'bAiiacYCiacY# fl/ f fg. firillrfilly$11fif(lSu2gfh- gacleubdgbdgbd§kbdgbd-Ubd§)/ 1-4@Bmpik3it'bqbd§#12d§gbdObd§ilacYpjl 401-11414bdgce-ggfORT(EUSUAfh- gacleubdgbd§gbd§libd:Ubdgbd§)//-•-§@Bmpik311'bqbdgbdgbd§9bd§ilacY01 'G.-1-/p-F,Igkmill'bAjAd§gbd"gbd--. 4FHxijik2iicicigacIgfli®OQS.IUSU2Wh- gacleubdgbd§gbd§libd:gbd"Ubd§)//-•-§@Bmpik311'bqbdgbdgbdgbd§iiacYpjl 'G.-1-/p+,1Uknifti'bopbd§gbd-gbd--. 4FHxijhk21.112xiiacicufhOQS.ICISU2ufh- gac4bdgbdgbd§kbd:Ubd"Ubdr74-*ABngik311'bqbd§gbd§gbdObd§iiacigl 'G.-1-/p+,1Uknifti'bApbd§gbd*Wbd--. 4FHxijik2ilacigacYgrh®OQSSCISLIVh- gacleubdgbdgbakbd:Ubd"gbd§-11>?igjr 'bxgbd§#bdgbd§gbd§ilacY01 'G.-1-/p+,1#knilli'bApbd§gbd*Wbc1--. 4FHxijik2ilacigacYWh®OQSMISAfh- gacleubdgbd§gbdgbdgbd§gbd§C)ABoll#23UORScgeggac:ubd§gbdnbd§gbailacYpjl 4FHxijik2ilabigac:WhOQS(CISUZufh- gacleubdgbd§gbdgbdgbdgbaggiVik'gdfcgac:gbd§gbd§gbdObd.pd§iiacYpjl 'G.-qp-F,JUktnitilmkbd§gbd.gbd§-414FGroghj±ii'bEa'bEpfh®.10Q*USU2kfh- gacleubdgbd§gbdgbdgbdgbd§ilacYli'Intgac:gbdgbd§gbdgb4gbdgbd§ilacY01 "G.-1-/p-F,Vknifti'bAPbd§gbd-gce-- .11Cigmo gdfaggighj±q,-KUSU2gfh- gacleubd§gbd§gbdgbdgbdgbd§gbd§gbdgbd§gbd§gbdgbdgbdgbdgbd§ilaci01 'G.-1-/p-F,Igkm1111)Apbc11gbd§iicicA. 4—:;a1YZ—DPR"pFGwX"#:CISITIkfh- gacleubdgbdgbdgbdgbdgbd§gbd§gbdgbdgbdgbdgbdgbdgbd§gbd§iiaciOl'Hu-/o++Vil ÷_a¢a 'bEggi*OQS,Ici-u • rtISU±Wh- gacleubdgbd§fibdgbdgbdgbdgbdgbd§gbdgbdgbdgbdgbdgbd§gbd§iiaciull 'F.L.w./NUrtAgfi—OffiL111--07 rrrr r rCISIT2Wh- gacleubdgbd§gbd§gbdgbdgbdgbd§gbd§gbdgbdgbdgbdgbdgbd§gbd§iiac4ik3PYT421,2 'EGv©AColoiQ" r rORTCEgdfell '194abc:kbd:bbd§gbd§gbd§gbd§gbd§gbd§gbd§gbdgbd§gbd§gbdObd§gbd§iiac4hj EFTA00678765 (#$;7 rniirpin,peg,gdfigbdakc:ilaciii'lcmilacigacPdgbdgbd§gbd§gbdgbdgbdgbd§iiac4 hj±ri ft; •LLI rn rrn rrrj)*F*? AIALMO62 i§jobdgdf4gjVk2ufh—pdfVbd§gac:iiacYiiacYiiacYgac:pbd:gbd§iiacYghj2z##;J77 taLL 110A1121-#$<... 34WaBCPEmOfeYrUdfcggi—Ugighj±ggi—gdfcgbd§iiachi 'bEggi°Y# #; J77 trn 7 rr L el/.5 ss<t45x DEs10QtgIT—#ceghj±gfhaigmo" $96> 177 Lrrrrrn rrr Lrn Lrrrt rrr Lrn! 1<ll'i$$<,23U3/41101-1t-t-O Lrn rn rrr Lrn Lrn 7 rn 7 rrn?e@ r11 -41"-14,n "thltx-roi R...1 1(4-Rr4LuAg>.INGWJ-OH"4@ffki10{th913T-u 4.uAg1413#K—egK-4K—e#K—eUK—egriiiiol 18cf.--1-1=4<960Ew—ep—w—ep—ew—ep-41—eg@OP. Tg- u4nAtigr-41-41-41-41- epI-e91-egH•c÷-y_te+pD&CdhQF "9196e§g9tel#H-4H—egH—e#H—egH—e9H—epH-4H—egH— e#G•ggi1PCW8t0j1I4VG "9ii- zIg@ikpil•egH•egH•egH•egH•e#H•egH•egH•egH•egH•egH•epH•egH•egC014P(701$4? CEAG"gijG"gigG"gigG"gigG"gigG"gijG"gijG"gijG"gijG"gijG"gigG"sigG"gijG"gigrma,wEe+wW"mgrgijrc Pr:SPFWFWFWFWFWFWFWVirciirciircii;96011d1 00$dag>CEdgE"cg"gijeggEWE"OrcUrc#E"OEVEVE"ggEWE'081:11(p3/4,•1#R17B13*xig=< clUDWD'cijaw9D'cijD'OD'OD'OD'ODWD'ODW9*Ut-Q(1-1 UgDa96i3g-zIU. {De2t/Ep5,xWfigC1hig; "If00}0#;"15C*A#=gflii*utiall I 0-0-1 r -2 ,AU"a(scii#e®S &BArZoeArZceArYceAPZ.AAY,AAY,A-X,A-Xce roo$ Ldb1hP4x2x.n2141c÷6eflutvi)bW-Ar011 n 12 i>d(141.4<960C1g@IWUBieJVC.4134C*102.PU=.1086#X2A-in.1 -LA)ciU<ITUCilkigG"iiiil•m#J-gijJ-9)1c-41- 0.1.4GligD404.1U1,3yAK06=l I caU/pip>.1U0W-OK-egK-eUK-4K-epK-eUK-eUK-e#K - 4J-0G"ii#@ffYii6OOV4*F7 riA(biV>S0UFTW-OK-egK-egK-egK-egK-egK-e#K-egK- egK-eUK-ep-OH"aU@CEt55-1+CP,.# • lio0g; "Ligfril#1-gijJ-41—egJ-41—egJ-4J—egJ-4J- 41-41—ew—ew—ew—eprap,lu1/2 "ce0,1 #@OPUH•4,!-W-e#J-e#J-4J-41-4J-ePJ —4,1-4.1-4,1-4.1-4,1—ep.1-41-cpw9tx2 oer•llvs,,NDOaw-ep.741-41-41-eg.1- 4J-eAl-egJ-egJ-41-4J-41-egJ-egJ-4 Gi J-egV=%0U...,-BmR-OCW:*LIgpigI-41-41-41- ekl-ex-egl-egl-egi-eglregl-egi-egl-epi-epl-epl-egiNgs#41310/42E(dx(U,n 'A(ci...-43mr—In-rT9V<%ougrapl-41-41-01-41-41-41-41: 41—epl—epi—ex—epl—epl—epl- 41-41-4G".4B404@.fig@AJVCEPP;116.5CDr7-9] 7 em-16Y1)hat,8...x#OfigG•OH-epH- e#H-e#H-4H-epH-egH-41-1-epH-e#H-4H-e#H-e#H-4H-egH-e#H-4H-egH- ega•cga•cgG•co--mprrap? .figstoxi(potiMprmpiNgFbegi-bew-begmeglbeglbegH•oH•epl-begH•egH•eplbegH•egFbeg II•qH•egit•egH•epH•egH•e#H•e#H•egH•egr4@4Aiii4C0+2,47 -- 62tEg<960LIUNkilgr*PH•egH•egH•egH•egH•egH•egH•egH•e#H•egH•e#HQUH•egH•e#HQUH•eg II•epH•egil•egH•egH•egH•egH•egH•egH•egH•egH•egH•egVii#; "ClceIMC 7 I ritp ,U; 9601.1gaiUrmUG•OG•OG•OG•OG•OG•OG•OG•OG•OG•OG•OG•OG•dG•dG•OG•OG•OG•0 G•OG•OG•OG•OG•OG•OG•OG•OG•OG.O.F".4>CEPa,p,r181#8... 0034MgrmgG"gigG"gigG"gigG"gigG"gigG"gigG"gigG"gigG"gigG"OG"gigG"gigG"gigG"gijG"gijG"gijG"gijG"gij 9,"cPCVPG:cPCVPG"cPCVPGWG"cPCVPGWG"cPCVP@•a1121 mezdYP<g*D'aPF"OFWFWFWFWFWFWFWFWFWFWFWFWFWFWFWFWFVF"c prcUrcUrcUrcUrcUrcUrgUrgijF"gijrcijrcgemg>CEfle.uAiiogg>CEJ3gemkrckrcprcprOF "OrcPrcPrOF"OF:OFVF"OFWFWFWFWFWFWFWFWFWFWFWF"cgrOF"OrcP fOrCPYWD4;960C1°!WW101 V>CEdgEWEWEWEVE"gijeggegkeggeckEWE"cgeggeggeggEWEWEWE"Orggrcp E"gkeggEWEWEWEWE"cg"ggeggegglYmpf)ripsfxL 96>N'g,#<SP#D'xijEVE"gg.eggEWEWE"Orgifecijegg.FWEWE"OrggEVEWE"cprcgrc g"ggEVEWEWEWEWE"OrggeggEWCW?4)47...U® U#A0(103'mgeggEWEWEWEVE"ggEWEWEVEWE"OE"ggeggeggEWecgegg"Org #EVE"cieggeggecUrODWPA4*<,O#5.fx° V9 7 L f,u494.10.11#C*PD'OD'ODWEAUDWD'OD'ODWD'OD'ODWD'OD'ODWD'OD'ODWYg 9.:13'OD'OD'ODWIYODW@Zeig8tUA%atIll-FH rrM %>11/I 1#9*Ne,ii#O1#1Y4D'mp'41:".4.13:4D'mglYmp'.4.13'4D'aVY.413:413'41:Ymp'mgD'413' 4.13'.4D'mg 1:Y413'413'4OV <,O6/yEL $=1-t46f0g<960.Pg><eig?CEcip@ .4? EFTA00678766 cEcIU.S.13#43g@ fel 9Cfeapli`TUDW filYmOWD*PCIAVAtigA2c19C.413:413`mgD*W3WCA ag@Ifrag7„UO-N„ Fn. tDti,tAU2COU3400#4,xg2050 /I va,r34§„tip=cagAtip4AVC4Biefigetig;%0P#7...1.V7...eig;960Puniptirwup+V? tg7...1.10,wES-4-Ln 4 1. O %@neff@crA3Ch 4117.4 WW3€O#8...O9;"PP<9643P:#46fugol Ste-/=hx-19bpoipp6fOg;"Pu<960.13#:*kg5,01+sA@eas rrP &A3 V'e+qa1.21a(1, 4-JO.O1968 •- (7)4(24+p3/46.z1U(j -1-4-?";m1m).,,em).,191;m74206#23)&7»m11420()U2009'm3/40-r";c8cruva&k,Jr;k11:m8(koma oldr:m96rgo.)6Poldw%Pm%r#0.)40169961ohld";996looli96j ,Jd"; 7? €@ 11114-OYYYukIckukkkgkkkukkkukkkgkkkukkkUkkkgkkkukkk()YYYIEEEguuup„„„g„„„g,,„„v,„ „„g„ na p„),„guyu.eDDD—, 7 7 ±HIptttUfffiifffufffulfffgfffgfffittt-HHH-17 7 —17 7 •JJJUsssg 44409 -sti4frefti$4$41 rrrtIJJ-I 77 -1- -10J(Aluqq000090,11Pqq(p)JJJ JAKICICg000g000AKKK —AJJJAJJJ/1/ I r(006660mmm9qqqgrrrgrrr9rrrprrrprrrUrrrUrrrijrrrgrrrgrrrgrrrgrrrgrrrU rrrurrrUrrrgrrrprrruqqq0111z4446figwww011 111 uwwweilivnifiivvvUagraiffn.P.A.P.P.P.P.P.P.P.P.P.A.P.P.P.PiffgagDY vutphavAraimimgwwwpionopfm„„„p„„„p„„„p„„„p„„„p„„„p„„„p„„„g„„„g„„„g„„„g„„„A,„„g„„„Uffnantvw wwinri—L OlgPvvvP--- A4ffThfffjifffijfffifffifffifff9ff afffiliffiliffuffn.9-- ivvvOTINXCH 0111Vuuu0119.44,9„, 7/1Puuuottri LiciiiiiTtttii I Ogee 02. 4).9 10. 4h. ". 4,0h244,4)9n 409. 44 944sticreVIIIPttt II - Weft A A Ausssg II gamy ..C€C9€€ epoothrfigsssfiA A A ,f11$fifit A A A fre USSSWIT--#O,EVDDLVDD,TORT---thrausssti ^ A A "fififi ger a " 'gr rrijzzzOin--- P--- Ongzzzijrnim- 960X1- n " ‘Pqq4PYYYgI l lUI l l Pyyygqqqe_e+th Imitiaaaupppuwwwiiwwwupppiaaa.1116-LucklaagmmmUmmmaaaa4711111:Tria XXXiI.XXX8-1-1-1-7?C@ r1111@- »)» ' N !! 1r VI IP II II ¢o666LLLLLLLLLLLL;;PrrTaani- I- I- I "(:)®®®®®O 4442 2"222pLLLpLLL,M11 AAA§ Zig it Zig Zimmer:KJ X7-771/2Y2XT-n- "" rificsagasssssssaevels would force them to abandon their homes and relocate. Low-lying islands could be submerged completely. How High Will It Go? Most predictions say the warming of the planet will continue and likely will accelerate. Oceans will likely continue to rise as well, but predicting the amount is an inexact science. A recent study says we can expect the oceans to rise between 2.5 and 6.5feet (o.8 and 2 meters) by 210o, enough to swamp many of the cities along the U.S. East Coast. More dire estimates, including a complete meltdown of the Greenland ice sheet, push sea level rise to 23 feet (7 meters), enough to submerge London and Los Angeles. ****** The rising and sinking threats to our cities Pfnline image 11 Sea-level rise due to climate change has already raised the risk of extreme floods in major coastal cities around the world, and many are slowly sinking into the oceans. Half of us now live in cities - the concrete, steel and glass landscapes that make up the world's great urban sprawls. Our cities have spread and replaced wild lands, and they roar and blaze with the energy from fossil fuels. They're colossal — sometimes magnificent — and they are growing ever bigger and more numerous in the Anthropocene, as humans carry out the greatest ever urban migration. But on a geological timescale, cities, like all human constructs, are likely to be temporary. Many won't survive the EFTA00678767 changes humanity is wreaking on the planet, let alone natural upheavals. And more than half of the population of America's coastal cities live below the high-tide mark. Historically, cities were built in fertile river valleys and at river mouths. Agricultural run-offs of sediment, water and nutrients created rich coastal deltas that could support greater food production. This and the good maritime and river connections for trade and transport made these ideal places to live. But as populations grew, rivers were tapped and diverted for irrigation, industry and canal transport. They were also trapped behind dams and reservoirs for energy and water storage, and depleted by droughts and other extractions. Sediments are therefore no longer flushing downstream in the quantities needed to maintain deltas against the relentless erosion of the oceans. Meanwhile groundwater is increasingly being extracted from beneath cities, and sea levels are rising because of the run-off from the melting of glaciers and thermal expansion of the oceans. As a result of these changes, many major cities are slowly sinking into the oceans. Our rapid industrialization over the past century has sped these processes, so that now, many urban centres face inundation by storm surges, and we stand to lose many of the most economically important parts of our planet. Cities from Bangkok to New York have experienced emergency flood conditions, and many more are to follow — those most at risk include Mumbai, Guangzhou, Shanghai, Miami, Ho Chi Minh City, Calcutta, New York City, Osaka-Kibe, Alexandria and New Orleans. More than 3 billion people live in coastal areas at risk of global warming impacts such as rising sea levels — a number expected to rise to 6 billion by 2025. Sea-level rise due to climate change has already doubled the risk of extreme flood events in coastal cities, and the greater population of Anthropocene cities only puts more lives at risk. For example, a study shows that during Hurricane Sandy in 2012, as many as 100,000 extra people were at risk of flooding for every foot of water in New York. More than half of the population of America's coastal cities live below the high-tide mark. In the Netherlands, some 5o million cubic metres (1.7 billion cubic feet) of sediment has to be dredged from inland water channels or the sea every year to help maintain current shorelines. Globally, the urban construction boom is causing flooding, erosion and loss in water and soil quality elsewhere, as sand is mined and rivers are dredged to provide building materials for the new cities. PaInline image 12 According to a study published last year, Shanghai is the most vulnerable major city to serious flooding in the world. Located on the Yangtze River delta, Shanghai (which means `above the sea; is particularly vulnerable to flooding as groundwater extractions and sea-level rise hasten the sinking of its massive high rise buildings into the East China Sea. Parts of the city have sunk three metres. In response, the authorities have begun pumping 60,00o tonnes of water a year back into wells to reduce the subsidence, built hundreds of kilometres of levees and are planning an emergency floodgate on the river's estuary to protect the nation's most prosperous city and its 20 million inhabitants. Mexico City is suffering a similar fate, with parts of the city subsiding 9 metres (30 feet) since 1910 through over-pumping of groundwater. Life is becoming more and more unbearable in many areas of flood-prone cities, such as Ho Chi Minh City, where high tides can cause floods for as many as 10 days per month. Sandbags are often ineffective because the water comes up into the house through the sewage systems. What's the solution? Some cities are investing in new sea walls, dykes and polders, or high-tide gates — like London's Thames Barrier — to hold back high waters. In poorer places, people simply endure the problem until they are forced to abandon their homes. Insurance is already a big problem in many coastal cities. The US government had to underwrite policies for residents of New Orleans after their city was inundated in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina. But that is a costly and, many would say, doomed enterprise. Coastal cities around the world will likely have to be abandoned and relocated as the cost of saving lives and repairing infrastructure becomes too great. Even important port cities, like New Orleans on the banks of the mighty Mississippi will eventually become EFTA00678768 unliveable. And these abandoned cities will leave their marks in the sedimentary layers forming all the time, to be discovered like mythical Atlantises by divers of the far future. The coastal cities with the best chances of being preserved for posterity are those built on parts of the Earth's crust that are being pulled ever so slowly downwards by the movement of tectonic plates, such as London. Cities drowned and then buried in silty blankets will persist in a petrified form. The subways and sewage pipes will perhaps resemble the traces left by some giant burrowing creature, and the deep foundation piles of high-rises will linger as uncharacteristic stripes in the layers of a future cliff. Little will remain of cities built in deserts, such as Las Vegas and Lima, those built at altitude, such as La Paz, and those exposed to violent destruction from cyclones, volcanoes or earthquakes, like Kathmandu. These seemingly permanent symbols of our species' great civilisations are as vulnerable as we are to the ravages of time, and to humanity's destructive practices. Our industrial pollution is impacting the man-made world as surely as it is affecting the natural world. Millions of years from now, there may be few signs of the mighty cities that have transformed our planet. CLIMATE CHANGE 101 Climate change and the oceans. The oceans are a logical place to start to understand how climate change is affecting our planet. The oceans have a central role in protecting Earth. But ocean acidification, rising sea levels and melting ice caps, particularly in the polar region, are endangering our planet. Since water circulates over the globe in a predictable pattern, changes in the great ocean conveyor belt affect worldwide climate and the ocean's inhabitants. Earth is often called the blue planet because the Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, Arctic and Southern oceans cover 71 percent of it. The Pacific alone covers more than half the planet, and more than all the land areas combined. Oceans contain nearly 1.34 billion km3 of water, and Earth's waters are overwhelmingly salt water-97 percent—plus 2 percent ice and 1 percent fresh water. The ocean is our planet's largest heat sink. By absorbing, storing and then slowly releasing large quantities of heat, the ocean buffers the climate of the nearby land and, over time, the entire planet. One of the other problems that we are facing along with climate change is ocean acidification. Ocean acidification is different from climate change, but related to it because both are caused by CO2. The ocean is the earth's largest carbon reservoir, containing more than 5o times as much CO2 as the atmosphere. As more man-made CO2 has entered the atmosphere, more of the gas has entered the ocean. But the uptake of excess CO2 comes at a high cost — ocean acidification. In a chemical reaction, CO2 dissolves in the ocean, raising the level of acidity. Since the Industrial Revolution, the oceans have become 3o percent more acidic; it is possible that by the end of the century, the surface oceans could become 150 percent more acidic. Ocean acidification is particularly damaging to the many organisms that use calcium carbonate to build protective shells. Collectively called "calcifying organisms," they include some phytoplankton, and many invertebrates such as corals, sponges, marine worms, mollusks, and crustaceans. Increased acidity makes it harder for them to form shells, which will cause further negative changes in many marine ecosystems as the decline of cakifying species affects other species that depend on them for food. So climate change does not directly cause acidification of the oceans per se; rather climate change and ocean acidification are two separate and serious problems that are related because both are caused by excessive emissions of carbon dioxide. As for rising sea levels. When water warms, it expands and takes up more volume. This effect is called "thermal expansion." Long-term measurements demonstrate that sea levels are rising worldwide both from thermal expansion caused by warming temperatures and from the addition of water from inland glaciers, which are melting nearly everywhere at accelerating rates. Increased EFTA00678769 melting is also occuring at the ice caps in Greenland and West Antarctica. Many scientists now think that sea levels will rise by at least one to two feet by 2100. A rise of two to six feet is possible, if emissions of greenhouse gases remain unchecked and significant melting of the ice caps occurs. A rise in sea level of just a foot or two could have significant negative consequences for islands in the Caribbean and the Pacific and for low-lying coastal areas along the continental U.S., such as the eastern shoreline of Cape Cod, the barrier islands protecting North Carolina, most of southern Florida and the city of Boston. Since most of the world's major cities also lie along ocean coastlines, sea level rise has major implications for those important population centers, where erosion, flooding and rising groundwater levels will threaten buildings, roads, subway systems and other essential services. Additional rises in sea level could be set off by the melting of the world's major ice caps. Rising global temperatures are believed to be melting Greenland's massive icecap and the seaward fringe of the Western Antarctic ice sheet faster than ever before, with slabs of ice breaking off as icebergs. Loss of ice around the fringes makes it easier for blocks of continental ice to slip toward the ocean; there is the possibility that ice sheets could collapse, raising sea levels dramatically. (Greenland and Antarctica are "ice caps" on top of solid land. The Arctic ice is floating in the sea; significant melting in the Arctic will not affect sea levels, although other serious adverse effects are likely.) While it does not appear likely that they or the larger Eastern Antarctic ice sheet will melt substantially during this century, it has recently been estimated that even a partial melt could increase the upper range of sea level rise to six feet. This would have devastating effects for low-lying areas throughout the world. As for the Polar region. According to the Arctic Climate Impact Assessment Report (2005), climate change in the Polar region is expected to be some of the largest and most rapid, and will cause major physical, ecological, sociological, and economic impacts, especially in the Arctic, Antarctic Peninsula, and Southern Ocean. In the Arctic, warming is occurring faster than the global mean. From 1978 to 2004, perennial sea ice cover in the Arctic declined by 7.8 percent each decade. If these trends continue, late-summer sea ice could disappear from the Arctic as early as early as 2030. Due to its light color, Arctic sea ice reflects most of the sunlight that reaches it back into space. In contrast, dark ocean water absorbs most of the sunlight. As sea ice continues melting, it can cause further warming, leading to more ice melt and reinforcing the melting cycle. As summer melt increases, wintertime recovery becomes more difficult. And the animal most vulnerable to sea ice melt is the species at the top of the Arctic food chain, the polar bear, which hunts primarily on the sea ice. Penguins in the Antarctic are also affected by the disappearance of sea ice. The shrinkage of the Arctic ice will not affect sea level, however, since the Arctic ice cap is a sheet of ice "floating" in the water, much like ice cubes in a glass of water. If the ice cubes melt, they do not increase the level of water in the glass. In contrast, Greenland and Antarctica consist of large masses of ice resting on top of solid land, and melting of these ice sheets will raise sea level. Also affecting climate change is the changes in the great ocean conveyor belt. In addition to wind and tides, ocean currents are driven by differences in water density. Dense cold salty water at the surface of the North Atlantic sinks and pushes currents through the deeper parts of the world's oceans to Antarctica, then to the northeastern Pacific Ocean, where it rises to the surface, continues south and west past Indonesia, around Africa's Cape of Good Hope and north through the South Atlantic and North Atlantic oceans. While it is on the surface, the current becomes steadily warmer and saltier by evaporation. On the last part of its journey, it loops into the Gulf of Mexico, north along the edge of the continental shelf of eastern North America, then east to Europe where its heat and moisture warms countries from Great Britain to Norway. (This is why the U.K. and much of Europe are warmer than much of the U.S. even though these countries are at a higher latitude.) After releasing its heat into the atmosphere, the cooled but still salty water then flows east to Greenland and Newfoundland, where it sinks to begin another 1,000-year cycle of the great ocean conveyer belt. EFTA00678770 PaMilne image 13 And dramatic climate change can occur from the reduction of large-scale mixing of water — thermohaline circulation — throughout the ocean. Increased precipitation and widespread melting of ice caused by global warming could create a larger layer of fresh water that would slow or prevent normal thermohaline mixing and would affect the currents offshore from Greenland and Newfoundland. Worldwide thermohaline circulation has abruptly shut down and recovered in the past, causing climate to flip-flop from warm to cold to back again. If such an event happened today, there could be crop failures in Canada, England, and northern Europe. The current consensus among scientists is that thermohaline circulation is not likely to be disrupted if global warming is limited to 2 degrees C; however with 3 to 5 degrees C of warming, a number of experts interviewed by the German Advisory Council on Global Change (WBGU) think the risk is greater than 5o percent. As a result, experts believe that one of the results of global warming will be more extreme weather. Even small temperature increases can significantly increase the frequency and severity of extreme weather events, such as hurricanes or high-precipitation rainstorms. Warming of the tropical sea- surface by 0.5° C during recent decades may explain the fact that hurricane energy has increased globally by about 70%. The IPCC report of 2007 considers it likely that global warming will increase intense tropical cyclone activity through most of the 21st century and very likely will increase the frequency of heavy precipitation over most areas. The increasing cost of hurricane damage is primarily due to the increased amount and monetary value of rapid development that has taken place in coastal areas. The high winds and waves associated with intense storms cause severe physical damage to shorelines and shallow water marine communities including beaches, mangrove forests, sea grass communities, coral reefs and shallow bottom-dwelling communities. High rainfall can cause temporary flooding, erosion and decreased salinity, as well as runoff of nutrients and silt. Global warming is predicted to increase the frequency of severe storms at the same time that sea level rise magnifies their impact on low-lying coastlines and islands. New England is particularly vulnerable to extreme weather events from nor'easters and hurricanes to flooding low-lying coastlines and islands due to sea level rise. Finally, warmer temperatures and acidification are damaging coral reefs, which host the highest biodiversity on Earth. Reef animals yield antibiotics, anticancer drugs and other medical products, and pharmaceutical companies are actively prospecting for more. Tourism and recreation, for example at the Great Barrier Reef and in the Caribbean, add to the economic value of reefs. Fringing reefs protect shorelines from storm surges and erosion. Coral reefs may be the most vulnerable to all the climate stressors — rising temperatures, acidification, invasion by pathogens, higher sea levels and increased frequency of severe storms. Coral bleaching occurs when zooxanthellae abandon corals in response to high temperatures. Zooxanthellae, which are photosynthesizing algae and cyanobacteria combined, provide more than 95% of the food of their coral hosts and give corals their particular coloration. Under stress, corals expel these zooxantheallae, which leads to a bleached appearance. Corals can survive brief periods of coral bleaching but sustained bleaching can lead to coral death. The U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) monitors for bleaching hot spots. In 1998 and 2002, the Great Barrier Reef and other coral reefs experienced the most severe bleaching ever recorded. The Belize Barrier Reef has also suffered bleaching due to higher temperatures. While some corals are more resistant to bleaching, and others can recover after a disturbance of this sort or even migrate, rising ocean temperatures will probably cause more bleaching events in the future. Ocean acidification is another serious ocean-related issue, caused by some of the same emissions that cause climate change. As man-made CO2 enters the atmosphere, more gas enters the ocean, which has become more acid. Cold-water corals, which are found at depths from 200-1000 meters, are particularly vulnerable to the effects of acidification. The corals appear to live for hundreds of years, forming large reef systems. Ocean acidification may affect cold-water corals earlier and more EFTA00678771 strongly than warm-water reefs, because at greater depth, seawater is less saturated with carbonate. Wherever they do occur, cold-water reefs are biodiversity hotspots that serve as refuges, nurseries and feeding grounds for hundreds of marine species. These very slow growing corals are extremely vulnerable to man-made disturbances, such as bottom-trawl fishing, which has already severely damaged reefs in the northeastern Atlantic. Acidification will make them even more vulnerable. The hardier cold-water corals will be severely stressed by 2040 and two-thirds could be in a corrosive environment by the end of the century. INTERESTING NEW TECHNOLOGY If this is real it could be one of the best inventions since the wheel! Japanese ingenuity. If this is real it could be one of the best inventions since the wheel, as long as the oil companies don't try to "strangle" this new technology or silence it by buying the inventor out. Imagine if this technology could be scaled or if every house had one. Although the video is in Japanese, I urge you to read the subtitles and watch and let's hope that this technology will deliver on its promise. Website: httpilAcww.youtube.com/embed/qGGabmrRSPrel=0 SOMETHING SPECIAL Absolutely Amazing Magic Trick!!!! Website: http://www.youtube.com/embed/Ai4tPe80S6Q?ref=0 THIS WEEK's QUOTE Democracy yes, I don't know much about it but I know that we need more of it. Chinese student speaking to reporter Sheryl Wudunn during the Tiananmen Square protests of ig8g THIS WEEK'S MUSIC This week, I am feeling Marvin Gaye (April 2, 1939 - April 1, 1984), born in Washington, DC, Marvin Pentz Gay, Jr., was an American singer-songwriter and musician. Gaye helped to shape the sound of Motown Records in the 1960s with a string of hits including "How Sweet It Is (To Be Loved By You)" and "I Heard It Through the Grapevine" and duet recordings with Mary Wells and Tammi Terrell, later earning the titles "Prince of Motown" and "Prince of Soul". During the 1970s, Gaye recorded the concept albums What's Going On and Let's Get It On and became among the first artists in Motown to break away from the reins of its production company. Gaye's later recordings influenced several R&B subgenres such as quiet storm and neo-soul. Following a period in Europe as a tax exile in the early 1980s, Gaye released the 1982 Grammy Award-winning hit "Sexual Healing" and the Midnight Love album. Since his death in 1984, Gaye has been posthumously honored by EFTA00678772 many institutions, including the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award and the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. 2Thline image 192,Inline image 212lnline image 22 Pioneer of the concept album. Prior to recording the What's Going On album, Gaye recorded a cover of the song, 'Abraham, Martin & John", which became a UK hit in 197o. Only a handful of artists of various genres had recorded albums that focused on social commentary, including Curtis Mayfield. Despite some politically conscious material recorded by The Temptations in the late 196os, Motown artists were often told to not delve into political and social commentary, fearing alienation from pop audiences. Early in his career, Gaye was affected by social events such as the Watts riots and once asked himself, "with the world exploding around me, how am I supposed to keep singing love songs?" When the singer called Gordy in the Bahamas about wanting to do protest music, Gordy cautioned him, "Marvin, don't be ridiculous. That's taking things too far." Once Gaye presented Gordy with the What's Going On album, Gordy feared Gaye was risking the ruination of his image as a sex symbol. Following the album's success, Gaye tried a follow-up album that he would label You're the Man. The title track only produced modest success, however, and Gaye and Motown shelved the album. Later on, several of Gaye's unreleased songs of social commentary, including "The World Is Rated X", would be issued on posthumous compilation albums. What's Going On would later be described by an Allmusic writer as an album that "not only redefined soul musk as a creative force but also expanded its impact as an agent for social change". The album also provided another first in both Motown and R&B music: Gaye and his engineers had composed the album in a song cycle, segueing previous songs into other songs giving the album a more cohesive feel as opposed to R&B albums that traditionally included filler tracks to complete the album. This style of music would influence recordings by artists such as Stevie Wonder and Barry White making the concept album format a part of 197os R&B musk. Concept albums are usually based on either one theme or a series of themes in connection to the original thesis of the album's concept. Let's Get It On repeated the suite-form arrangement of What's Going On, as would Gaye's later albums such as I Want You, Here, My Dear and In Our Lifetime. His Legacy. Marvin Gaye has been called "the number-one purveyor of soul music". In his book, Mercy Mercy Me: The Art, Loves and Demons of Marvin Gaye, Michael Eric Dyson described Gaye as someone "who transcended the boundaries of rhythm and blues as no other performer had done before". His recordings for Motown in the 196os and 197os shaped that label's signature sound. His work with Motown gave him the titles, Prince of Soul and Prince of Motown. According to several music critics and historians, Marvin Gaye's career "spanned the entire history of rhythm and blues from fifties doo-wop to eighties contemporary soul." Critics stated that Gaye's music "signified the development of black music from raw rhythm and blues, through sophisticated soul to the political awareness of the 197os and increased concentration on personal and sexual politics thereafter." As a Motown artist, Gaye was among the first to break from the reins of its production system, paving the way for Stevie Wonder. Gaye's late 197os and early 198os recordings influenced contemporary forms of R&B predating the subgenres quiet storm and neo-soul. Artists from many genres have covered Gaye's musk, including James Taylor, Brian McKnight, Chico DeBarge, Michael McDonald, Aretha Franklin, Diana Ross, Aaliyah, A Perfect Circle, The Strokes and Gil Scott-Heron. Other artists such as D'Angelo, Common, Nas and Maxwell interpolated parts of Gaye's clothing from the singer's mid-197os period. Gaye's clothing style was later was appropriated by Eddie Murphy in his role as James "Thunder" Early in Dreamgirls. Gaye's military-styled clothing attire in his final tour was picked up by Michael Jackson. According to David Ritz, "since 1983 Marvin's name has been mentioned - in reverential tones - on no less than seven top-ten hit records." Later performers such as Kanye West and Mary J. Blige sampled Gaye's work for their recordings. EFTA00678773 The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inducted him in 1987, declaring that Gaye "made a huge contribution to soul music in general and the Motown Sound in particular." The page stated that Gaye "possessed a classic R&B voice that was edged with grit yet tempered with sweetness". The page further states that Gaye "projected an air of soulful authority driven by fervid conviction and heartbroken vulnerability" throughout his career. A year after his death, then-mayor of D.C., Marion Barry declared April 2 as "Marvin Gaye Jr. Memorial Scholarship Fund Day" in the city. Since then, a non-profit organization has helped to organize annual Marvin Gaye Day Celebrations in the city of Washington. A year later, Gaye's mother founded the Marvin P. Gaye Jr. Memorial Foundation in dedication to her son to help those suffering from drug abuse and alcoholism; however she died a day before the memorial was set to open in 1987. Gaye's sister Jeanne once served as the foundation's chairperson. In 1990, Gaye received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. In 1996, Gaye posthumously received the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award. The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame listed three Gaye recordings, "I Heard It Through the Grapevine", "What's Going On" and "Sexual Healing", among its list of the "500 Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll". American music magazine Rolling Stone ranked Gaye number 18 on their list of the "100 Greatest Artists of All Time" and sixth on their list of "too Greatest Singers of All Time". Q magazine ranked Gaye sixth on their list of the "100 Greatest Singers". Three of Gaye's albums, What's Going On, Let's Get It On and Here, My Dear, were ranked by Rolling Stone on their list of the "5oo Greatest Albums of All Time". What's Going On remains his largest-ranked album, reaching No. 6 on the Rolling Stone list and topped the NME list of the "Top .wo Albums of All Time" in 1985 and was later chosen in 2003 for inclusion by the Library of Congress to its National Recording Registry. In addition, four of his songs, "I Heard It Through the Grapevine", "What's Going On", "Let's Get It On" and "Sexual Healing" made it on the Rolling Stone list of the "500 Greatest Songs of All Time". In 2006, an old park that Gaye frequented as a teenager called Watts Branch Park in Washington was renamed Marvin Gaye Park. Three years later, the 5200 block of Foote Street NE in Deanwood, Washington, DC, was renamed Marvin Gaye Way. Marvin Gaye Marvin Gaye Marvin Gaye Marvin Gaye Marvin Gaye Marvin Gaye - What's Going On -- hapsilAvivw.youtube.comAvatch?v=GDb4Ss9OJ64 - Trouble Man -- https://wwwymmibe.cum/ivatch?v=NbHeNkqRO1 - I Want You -- https://wwwyoutube.comAvalch?v=dmZ03Q7AoaU - Distant Lover -- hapsilAvww.youtube.comAvatch?v=sZr4CSb6KEE - Stubborn Kind of Fellow -- https://wwwwmtube.com/watch?v=nDWKSIANPWo - Ain't That Peculiar -- https://www.youtube.comlwatch?v=qM7Sehlu0-M Marvin Gaye & Tammi Terrell — v=FbX66Ddrtow Marvin Gaye & Tammi Terrell v=31I igcg9rl Marvin Gaye & Tammi Terrell - Ain't No Mountain High Enough -- httpsillwww.youtube.comlwatch? v=Xz-UvQYAmbg Marvin Gaye - Let's Get It On -- httpsillwww.youtube.comiivatch?v=s7eTOnNINTU Marvin Gaye - Mercy Mercy Me -- hapsilAvwbv.youtube.comAvatch?v=pQu892GGhts Marvin Gaye - Sexual Healing -- hapsilAvtvw.voutube.comAvatch?v=w30RGhFCAkk Your Precious Love - httpsillwww.voutube.comAvatch? — If This World Were Mine -- https://wwwyoutube.comAvatch? EFTA00678774 Marvin Gaye & Florence — You 're All I Need To Get By -- httpsilAilviv.youtube.comAvatch?v=m0Be9J- Bmc8 Marvin Gaye feat. Tina Turner - I'll Be Doggone https:/hvww.youtube.con✓watch?v=,x8HghsB9Es Marvin Gaye - Save The Children -- httpsilAvwmtyoutube.comlwatch?v=hvgaDWfoPOE I hope that you enjoyed this week's offerings and wish you a great Labor Day holiday and wonderful week Sincerely, Greg Brown EFTA00678775