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Case 18-2868, Document 283, 08/09/2019, 2628241, Page400 of 883 international commercial dimensions of the sex trafficking scheme recounted by Ms. Giuffre. It is both factually and legally correct to characterize what Ms. Giuffre experienced as victimization in a sex trafficking conspiracy. Conclusion 4 Virginia Roberts Giuffre’s account appears credible and consistent in its most salient parts with the testimony of other witnesses and with contemporary trends in U'S. sex trafficking. The description of exploitation recounted by Ms. Giuffre, while not the most common sex trafficking scenario (many cases involve even more brutal forms of pimp-driven prostitution) nonetheless is quite consistent with larger patterns of commercial sexual exploitation. The conspiracy in this case was premised upon the exploitation of minors and young women who seem to have had certain identifiable vulnerabilities that rendered them prone to exploitation. The criminal scheme that emerges from the depositions and police reports involved a very calculated pattern of recruiting, grooming, and an attempt to “normalize” the repeated exploitation of its victims. While the accounts of witnesses vary in some of their details, the essential elements of a sex trafficking conspiracy clearly emerge when viewed in the totality of the circumstances that are recounted in the case record. Ms. Giuffre refers to herself at times as a “sex slave.” This is not factually incorrect, given her experiences, though current U.S. law might prefer to characterize her as a victim of sex trafficking. Popular understandings of the term “sex slave” might still connote images of violent pimps, white slavery, or of victims chained to a bed in a brothel in the minds of some people. To call Ms. Giuffre a victim of sex trafficking would however very accurately convey the reality that she along with a great many other victims of contemporary forms of slavery are often exploited by the “invisible chains” of fraud and psychological coercion. 20