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2 1 Introduction 1.2 AGI versus Narrow AI An outsider to the AI field might think this sort of book commonplace in the research literature, but insiders know that’s far from the truth. The field of Artificial Intelligence (AI) was founded in the mid 1950s with the aim of constructing “thinking machines” - that is, computer systems with human-like general intelligence, including humanoid robots that not only look but act and think with intelligence equal to and ultimately greater than human beings. But in the intervening years, the field has drifted far from its ambitious roots, and this book represents part of a movement aimed at restoring the initial goals of the AI field, but in a manner powered by new tools and new ideas far beyond those available half a century ago. After the first generation of AI researchers found the task of creating human-level AGI very difficult given the technology of their time, the AI field shifted focus toward what Ray Kurzweil has called "narrow AI" — the understanding of particular specialized aspects of intelligence; and the creation of AI systems displaying intelligence regarding specific tasks in relatively narrow domains. In recent years, however, the situation has been changing. More and more researchers have recognized the necessity — and feasibility — of returning to the original goals of the field. In the decades since the 1950s, cognitive science and neuroscience have taught us a lot about what a cognitive architecture needs to look like to support roughly human-like general intelli- gence. Computer hardware has advanced to the point where we can build distributed systems containing large amounts of RAM and large numbers of processors, carrying out complex tasks in real time. The AI field has spawned a host of ingenious algorithms and data structures, which have been successfully deployed for a huge variety of purposes. Due to all this progress, increasingly, there has been a call for a transition from the current focus on highly specialized “narrow AI” problem solving systems, back to confronting the more difficult issues of “human level intelligence’ and more broadly “artificial general intelligence (AGI).” Recent years have seen a growing number of special sessions, workshops and confer- ences devoted specifically to AGI, including the annual BICA (Biologically Inspired Cognitive Architectures) AAAT Symposium, and the international AGI conference series (one in 2006, and annual since 2008). And, even more exciting, as reviewed in Chapter 4, there are a number of contemporary projects focused directly and explicitly on AGI (sometimes under the name "AGI", sometimes using related terms such as "Human Level Intelligence"). In spite of all this progress, however, we feel that no one has yet clearly articulated a detailed, systematic design for an AGI, with potential to yield general intelligence at the human level and ultimately beyond. In this spirit, our main goal in this lengthy two-part book is to outline a novel design for a thinking machine — an AGI design which we believe has the capability to produce software systems with intelligence at the human adult level and ultimately beyond. Many of the technical details of this design have been previously presented online in a wikibook [Goel0b]; and the basic ideas of the design have been presented briefly in a series of conference papers [GPSL03, GPPG06, Goe09c]. But the overall design has not been presented in a coherent and systematic way before this book. In order to frame this design properly, we also present a considerable number of broader theoretical and conceptual ideas here, some more and some less technical in nature. HOUSE_OVERSIGHT_012918