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23. Wikipedia. Web. 23 Aug. 2010. <http://www.wikipedia.org/>. 24. Hoiberg, Dale, ed. Encyclopaedia Britannica. Chicago: Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2002. 25. Gregorian, Vartan, ed. Censorship: 500 Years of Conflict. New York: New York Public Library, 1984. 26. TreB, Werner. Wider Den Undeutschen Geist: Biicherverbrennung 1933. Berlin: Parthas, 2003. 27. Sauder, Gerhard. Die Biicherverbrennung: 10. Mai 1933. Frankfurt/Main: Ullstein, 1985. 28. Barron, Stephanie, and Peter W. Guenther. Degenerate Art: the Fate of the Avant-garde in Nazi Germany. Los Angeles: Los Angeles County Museum of Art, 1991. 29. Google News Archive Search. Web. <http://news. google.com/archivesearch>. 30. Digital Scriptorium. Web. <http://www.scriptorrum.columbia.edu>. 31. Visual Eyes. Web. <http://www.viseyes.org>. 32. ARTstor. Web. <http://www.artstor.org>. 33. Europeana. Web. <http://www.ecuropeana.eu>. 34. Hathi Trust Digital Library. Web. <http://www.hathitrust.org>. 35. Barry, John M. The Great Influenza: the Epic Story of the Deadliest Plague in History. New York: Viking, 2004. 36. J-B.M. was supported by the Foundational Questions in Evolutionary Biology Prize Fellowship and the Systems Biology Program (Harvard Medical School). Y.K.S. was supported by internships at Google. S.P. acknowledges support from NIH grant HD 18381. E.A. was supported by the Harvard Society of Fellows, the Fannie and John Hertz Foundation Graduate Fellowship, the National Defense Science and Engineering Graduate Fellowship, the NSF Graduate Fellowship, the National Space Biomedical Research Institute, and NHGRI Grant T32 HG002295 . This work was supported by a Google Research Award. The Program for Evolutionary Dynamics acknowledges support from the Templeton Foundation, NIH grant RO1GM078986, and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. Some of the methods described in this paper are covered by US patents 7463772 and 7508978. We are grateful to D. Bloomberg, A. Popat, M. McCormick, T. Mitchison, U. Alon, S$. Shieber, E. Lander, R. Nagpal, J. Fruchter, J. Guldi, J. Cauz, C. Cole, P. Bordalo, N. Christakis, C. Rosenberg, M. Liberman, J. Sheidlower, B. Zimmer, R. Darnton, and A. Spector for discussions; to C- M. Hetrea and K. Sen for assistance with Encyclopaedia Britannica's database, to S. Eismann, W. Tre, and the City of Berlin website (berlin.de) for assistance documenting victims of Nazi censorship, to C. Lazell and G.T. Fournier for assistance with annotation, to M. Lopez for assistance with Fig. 1, to G. Elbaz and W. Gilbert for reviewing an early draft, and to Google’s library partners and every author who has ever picked up a pen, for books. Supporting Online Material Wwww.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/science.1199644/DC1 Materials and Methods Figs. S1 to S19 References 27 October 2010; accepted 6 December 2010 Published online 16 December 2010; 10.1126/science. 1199644 Fig. 1. “Culturomic” analyses study millions of books at once. (A) Top row: authors have been writing for millennia; ~129 million book editions have been published since the advent of the printing press (upper left). Second row: Libraries and publishing houses provide books to Google for scanning (middle left). Over 15 million books have been digitized. Third row: each book is associated with metadata. Five million books are chosen for computational analysis (bottom left). Bottom row: a culturomic “timeline” shows the frequency of “apple” in English books over time (1800- 2000). (B) Usage frequency of “slavery.” The Civil War (1861-1865) and the civil rights movement (1955-1968) are highlighted in red. The number in the upper left (1e-4) is the unit of frequency. (C) Usage frequency over time for “the Great War” (blue), “World War I’ (green), and “World War II” (red). Fig. 2. Culturomics has profound consequences for the study of language, lexicography, and grammar. (A) The size of the English lexicon over time. Tick marks show the number of single words in three dictionaries (see text). (B) Fraction of words in the lexicon that appear in two different dictionaries as a function of usage frequency. (C) Five words added by the AHD in its 2000 update. Inset: Median frequency of new words added to AHD4 in 2000. The frequency of half of these words exceeded 10” as far back as 1890 (white dot). (D) Obsolete words added to AHD4 in 2000. Inset: Mean frequency of the 2220 AHD headwords whose current usage frequency is less than 10°. (E) Usage frequency of irregular verbs (red) and their regular counterparts (blue). Some verbs (chide/chided) have regularized during the last two centuries. The trajectories for “speeded” and “speed up” (green) are similar, reflecting the role of semantic factors in this instance of regularization. The verb “burn” first regularized in the US (US flag) and later in the UK (UK flag). The trregular “snuck” is rapidly gaining on “sneaked.” (F) Scatter plot of the irregular verbs; each verb’s position depends on its regularity (see text) in the early 19th century (x-coordinate) and in the late 20th century (y-coordinate). For 16% of the verbs, the change in regularity was greater than 10% (large font). Dashed lines separate irregular verbs (regularity<50%) Sciencexpress / www.sciencexpress.org / 16 December 2010 / Page 6 / 10.1126/science.1199644 Downloaded from www.sciencemag.org on December 16, 2010 HOUSE_OVERSIGHT_017001