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151 5 Greg Sheridan, “Malcolm Turnbull’s Chinese Double: Dishonour and Defeat,” Australian (New South Wales), March 30, 2017 (requires subscription), https://www.theaustralian.com.au/opinion/columnists/greg-sheridan /turnbulls-chinese-double-dishonour-and-defeat/news-story/55fbe920041a5f5ff 7ec04b818085631. 6 Primrose Riordan, “China’s Veiled Threat to Bill Shorten on Extradition Treaty,” Australian (New South Wales), December 4, 2017 (requires subscription), https://www.theaustralian.com.au/national-affairs/foreign-affairs /chinas-veiled-threat-to-bill-shorten-on-extradition-treaty/news-story/ad793a4366ad2f94694e89c92d52a978. 7 “Power and Influence: The Hard Edge of China’s Soft Power,” Australian Broadcasting Corporation, June 5, 2017, expires December 7, 2018, accessed October 11, 2018, http://www.abc.net.au/4corners/power -and-influence-promo/8579844. 8 Nick McKenzie and James Massola, “Andrew Robb’s Secret China Contract: Money for Nothing,” Sydney Morning Herald, December 6, 2017, accessed October 11, 2018, https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal /andrew-robbs-secret-china-contract-money-for-nothing-20171205-gzzaq5.html. 9 Malcolm Turnbull, “Speech Introducing the National Security Legislation Amendment (Espionage and Foreign Interference) Bill 2017,” December 7, 2017, accessed October 11, 2018, https://www.malcolmturnbull .com.au/media/speech-introducing-the-national-security-legislation-amendment-espionage-an. 10 The debate in Australia has evolved considerably since 2009, when Prime Minister Kevin Rudd proposed campaign finance reform legislation that would have rendered foreign-sourced political donations illegal, and Turnbull (as opposition leader in parliament) declined to support the legislation. Rudd has argued that this legislation would have mitigated some of the more problematic behaviors regarding foreign influence that have since occurred. Others, however, maintain that the ban would not have stopped the bulk of CCP-backed donations, which are channeled through Australian residents and citizens, and that the more important reform was to ensure greater transparency in identifying foreign agents. For Rudd’s critique, see his February 24, 2018 column in the Australian, http://kevinrudd.com/portfolio-item/kevin-rudd-writes-in- the-australian-chairman-mals-new-mccarthyism. 11 Simon Benson, “Chau Chak Wing Identified by FBI in UN Bribery Case, Andrew Hastie Says,” Australian (New South Wales), May 23, 2018, accessed October 11, 2018, https://www.theaustralian.com.au/national -affairs/chau-chak-wing-identified-by-fbi-in-un-bribery-case-andrew-hastie-says/news-story/e062198el1d 3d7ec76b3a7a394c3b2543. 12 Simon Benson, “Crack Unit to Ward off Spy Attacks,” Australian (New South Wales), April 25, 2018 (subscription required), https://www.theaustralian.com.au/national-affairs/ national-security/crack-unit -to-ward-off-threats-from-espionage/news-story/8409b24c8595beelbc27e9927f05fbd5. CANADA Canada has a long history of engagement with the PRC dating back to 1970. Substantial and rapidly expanding connections with China at multiple levels include human flows (migrants, tourists, students), trade (with a major and recurring imbalance in China’s favor), and diplomatic interactions. There are roughly 160,000 PRC students in Canadian schools, about 70 percent of them in universities and colleges. Per capita, this is about three times as large as in the United States and roughly on par with Australia. Canadian experiences with Chinese interference are less intense than those documented in Australia and New Zealand. As early as 1997, a leaked report by Canada’s RCMP-SIS Appendix 2 HOUSE_OVERSIGHT_020610