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Case 1:20-cr-00330-PAE Document 452-1 Filed 11/12/21 Page 7 of 43 962 N. Bennett and W. O’Donobue TABLE 3 Proposed Stages of Grooming Author Stages of Grooming van Dam (2001) . Identify vulnerable child . Engage that child in peerlike environment . Desensitize the child to touch . Isolate the child . Make the child feel responsible Wr BR Oe Nb Brackenridge (2001) Applies to grooming in sport. fas . Targeting a potential victim . Building trust and friendship . Developing isolation and control, building loyalty . Initiation of sexual abuse and securing secrecy Bw DN Wyre (1987) as discussed in Applies to extrafamilial grooming: Howitt (1995) 1. The offender masturbates and fantasizes about future contacts, a boy is befriended while an effort is made to earn his parents’ trust, outings are common to achieve intimacy 2. The offender finds out about the boy’s home/school problems—a “counseling” role is created 3. Physical contact of a nonsexual sort begins, offender's masturbation and fantasy continue, sexual touches begin and gradually increase in severity Applies to intrafamilial grooming: 1. Tickling the child 2. Bathing 3. The offender’s sexual arousal and fantasy 4. The child going to the offender’s bed 5. The offender knows the child likes being tickled 6. “Sex education” 7. Tickling reaches child’s sexual parts 8. Offender masturbates the child’s genitals 9. The child is trapped into silence 10. Sexual contact is increased 11. Offenders cognitive distortions increase 12. Becomes difficult to end sexual contact 13. Offending behavior reinforced through masturbation to fantasies Christiansen and Blake (1990) 1. Trust Applies to father-daughter 2. Favoritism grooming. 3. Alienation 4, Secrecy 5. Boundary violations O’Connell (2003) 1. Friendship-forming Applies to online grooming. 2. Relationship-forming 3. Risk assessment 4. Exclusivity 5. Sexual DOJ-OGR-00006799