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Case 1:20-cr-00330-PAE Document 452-2 Filed 11/12/21 Page 27 of 45 160 McElvaney mental health outcomes. This paper reviews the research on disclosure patterns ‘This paper reviews of childhood sexual abuse, specifically delays in disclosure, non-disclosure the research on (as evident through adult retrospective studies) and partial disclosures, and : discusses implications for practice. Literature searches of the online databases disclosure patterns of PSYCINFO and Social Sciences Citation Index, in addition to manual searches childhood sexual of texts published since 2000, were conducted using the search terms ‘child abuse’ sexual abuse’, “sex abuse’ and ‘disclosure’. The research to date on disclosure patterns is based on two sampling methodologies — studies of adults reporting retrospective experiences and studies of children. The former group of studies has the benefit of drawing on large-scale national probability samples which can be considered to be representative of the general population. The latter group with some small exceptions (predominantly adolescent studies) uses samples of young people who have disclosed sexual abuse but would not be considered as representative of all children who have been abused: ‘children who decide to tell someone about being sexually abused and whose cases therefore come to court are not representative of sexually abused children in general’ (Olafson and Lederman, 2006, p. 29). Patterns of Disclosure: Delays and Non-disclosure There is consensus in the research literature that most people who experience ‘Most people who sexual abuse in childhood do not disclose this abuse until adulthood, and when experience sexual disclosure does occur in childhood, significant delays are common. Table 1 P . summarises two large-scale studies to highlight the extent of delays in disclosure abuse in childhood do and the percentage of those who did not disclose to anyone prior to the study. not disclose this Kogan (2004) examined the timing of disclosure of unwanted sexual abuse until adulthood’ | ©xpectiences in childhood or adolescence in a sub-sample (n = 263 adolescent women, aged 12 to 17) of the National Survey of Adolescents (Kilpatrick and Saunders, 1995) in the USA - a nationally representative study. Kogan’s results can be summarised as follows: immediate disclosure (within 1 month) 43 per cent, delayed disclosure (less than 1 year) 31 per cent and non-disclosure (disclosed only during the survey) 26 per cent. Smith and colleagues (2000) examined a sub-sample (n = 288) of the National Women’s Study in the USA (Resnick ef al., 1993, cited in Smith et al., 2000) who had reported a childhood rape prior to the age of 18. Smith ef al.’s findings can be summarised as follows: immediate disclosure (within 1 month) 27 per cent, delayed disclosure (more than a year) 58 per cent and non-disclosure (survey only) 28 per cent. Those who had never disclosed prior to the survey constitute comparable proportions in these two studies while the rates for immediate Table 1. Patterns of disclosure delay and non-disclosure Kogan (2004) Smith ef al. (2000) (n 263 adolescents) (n 288 adults) Told within 24 hours 24% 18% Told within 1 month 19% 9% Told within 1 year 12% 11% Delayed telling more than | year 19% 4AT% Never told before survey 26% 28% Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Child Abuse Rev. Vol. 24: 159 169 (2015) DOI: 10.1002/car DOJ-OGR-00006862