DOJ-OGR-00006879.jpg

Case 1:20-cr-00330-PAE lva A. E. Bicanic et al. someone close are at increased risk for delayed disclosure, and that delayed disclosers are less likely to use medical services and to report to the police. These findings may assist clinicians and policymakers in understanding rape and help to develop interventions (Unterhitzenberger & Rosner, 2014), specifically targeted to support adoles- cents and young adults to disclose in an early-phase post- rape. Although the vast majority of the participants was living at their parental home, many of the sample did not first disclose to their parents. Therefore, it could be argued that in prevention programs specific attention should be given to the strengthening of the child—parent relationship, to facilitate disclosure to parents (Schénbucher et al., 2012). Next, as victims tend to disclose mostly to peers, prevention programmes may need to aim at teach- ing adolescents how they can help a peer victim if they become a recipient of disclosure (Schénbucher et al., 2012). In addition, education may increase victims’ willingness to disclose early, thereby increasing opportu- nities for access to health and police services. It is more likely to reach adolescents with direct, active, and online outreach programs via communication channels that are frequently used by adolescents and young adults parti- cularly social media (i.e., Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, etc.), forums, and mobile apps. Such programmes, where- in adolescents and young adults are being treated as agents and decision makers (Hlavka, 2014), should focus on information concerning what rape actually is—not only the stereotypical idea of rape and what (not) to do in the aftermath of rape especially in the first week post- rape. Another way to help improve the support of victims of rape is the implementation of multidisciplinary sexual assault centres (Bicanic, Snetselaar, De Jongh, & Van de Putte, 2014; Bramsen, Elklit, & Nielsen, 2009), as these may be the most suitable places to organize education campaigns and offer integrated post-rape services in one location. Future research should investigate whether the availability of such centres increases the prevalence of police reporting and use of medical care. Moreover, as discussed, previous research concerning the topic of disclosure has focused on the disclosure process, mainly the effect of negative social reactions, and not the latency. In future research, social reactions in relation to disclosure (latency) should be assessed by using the Social Reactions Ques- tionnaire, as well as the victim’s perception of their own experience being defined as rape, as many girls and young women do not report or seek help because they regard sexual violence against them as normal (Hlavka, 2014). Conflict of interest and funding There is no conflict of interest in the present study for any of the authors. Document 452-2 Filed 11/12/21 Page 44 of 45 References Achenbach, T. M., & Rescorla, L. A. (2001). Manual for the ASEBA school age forms & profiles. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont, Research Centre for Children, Youth, and Families. Ahrens, C. E., Stansell, J., & Jennings, A. (2010). To tell or not to tell: The impact of disclosure on sexual assault survivors’ recovery. Violence and Victims, 25(5), 631 648. Alisic, E., Eland, J., Huijbregts, R. A. D., & Kleber, R. J. (2012). Schokverwerkingslijst voor kinderen [Children’s responses to trauma inventory revised version]. Amsterdam: Boom test uitgevers. Alisic, E., Eland, J., & Kleber, R. J. (2006). Schokverwerkingslijst voor Kinderen herziene versie [Children’s responses to trauma inventory revised version]. Utrecht: Institute for Psychotrauma in collaboration with Clinical Psychology (University of Utrecht) and Psychotrauma Centre for Children and Youth (University Medical Centre Utrecht). Alisic, E., & Kleber, R. J. (2010). Measuring posttraumatic stress reactions in children: A preliminary validation of the children’s responses to trauma inventory. Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma, 3(3), 192 204. Arata, C. M. (1998). To tell or not to tell: Current functioning of child sexual abuse survivors who disclosed their victimization. Child Maltreatment, 3(1), 63 71. Arrindell, W. A., & Ettema, J. H. M. (1986). SCL 90: Handleiding bij een multidimensionele psychopathologie indicator [SCL 90: manual for a multidimensional measure of psychopathology]. Lisse: Swets Test. Basile, K. C., Chen, J., Black, M. C., & Saltzman, L. E. (2007). Prevalence and characteristics of sexual violence victimization among U.S. adults. Violence & Victims, 22, 437 448. Bérubé, R. L., & Achenbach, T. M. (2006). Bibliography of published studies using ASEBA: 2006 edition. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont, Research Centre for Children, Youth and Families. Bicanic, I., Snetselaar, H., De Jongh, A., & Van de Putte, FE. (2014). Victims’ use of professional services in a Dutch sexual assault centre. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 5, 23645, doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/ejpt.v5.23645 Bramsen, R. H., Elklit, A., & Nielsen, L. H. (2009). A Danish model for treating victims of rape and sexual assault: The multidisciplinary public approach, Journal of Aggression. Maltreatment & Trauma, 18(8), 886 905. Broman Fulks, J. J., Ruggiero, K. J., Hanson, R. F, Smith, D. W, Resnick, H. S., Kilpatrick, D. G., et al. (2007). Sexual assault disclosure in relation to adolescent mental health: Results from the National Survey of Adolescents. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 36(2), 260 266. Crisma, M., Bascelli, E., Paci, D., & Romito, P. (2004). Adolescents who experienced sexual abuse: Fears, needs and impediments to disclosure. Child Abuse & Neglect, 28(10), 1035 1048. De Haas, S., Van Berlo, W., Bakker, F., & Vanwesenbeeck, I. (2012). Prevalence and characteristics of sexual violence in the Netherlands, the risk of revictimization and pregnancy: Results from a national population survey. Violence and Victims, 27(4), 592 608. Elwood, L. S., Smith, D. W., Resnick, H. S., Gudmundsdottir, B., Amstadter, A. B., Hanson, R. F, et al. (2011). Predictors of rape: Findings from the National Survey of Adolescents. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 24(2), 166 173. Fisher, B. S., Cullen, F. T., & Turner, M. G. (2000). The sexual victimization of college women. Washington, DC: U.S. Depart ment of Justice, National Institute of Justice, and Bureau of Justice Statistics. 8 Citation: European Journal of Psychotraumatology 2015, 6: 25883 _ http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/ejpt.v6.25883 (page number not for citation purpose) DOJ-OGR-00006879