EFTA00147604.pdf

Tactics C401T Introduction to Operational Art and Design Strategy I Operational Art and Design 1 EFTA00147604 Can design/systems thinking help solve the FBI’s current “wicked” problems? www.drawtoast.com EFTA00147605 Operational Art and Design Strategy Tactics Operational Art and Design Leader/Commander Using •Systems Perspective •Operational Design • Linear Planning Processes S Produces •Strategy •Operational Plans •Orders The interaction of operational art and operational design provides a bridge between strategy and tactics, linking national strategic aims to tactical combat and noncombat operations that must be executed to accomplish these aims. 3 EFTA00147606 Systems Perspective Afghanistan Stability / COIN Dynamics The leader must understand the series of complex, interconnected relationships at work within the operational environment. One way of developing solutions is to view these interrelated challenges from a systems perspective...to consider the relationship between all of the aspects of the system. Here are some examples of systems analysis products used to understand the operational environment. Notice that the systems analysis labeled "Afghanistan Stability/COIN Dynamics" was meant to be a design drawing for the internal use of the design team/staff. Design drawings, which could be on sketch paper, what boards, or on slides will only make sense to those that created it to help in understanding. It is not meant to serve as a presentation drawing (labeled Key Actors Relationships) that provides a level of simplicity and ease of understanding to someone who did not participate in the creation of the product. 4 EFTA00147607 History of Operational Design (1 of 2) • 1970's - "Intellectual Renaissance" in military theory and planning requiring officers to "visualize" problems before the initiation of planning • 1990's — End of the "Cold War" and a dawn of new/more complex problems facing the military • Mid-2000's: — Systemic Concept for Operational Design — Army adopts concepts of design in FM 3-0 Operations — 2006: DoD TRADOC Pamphlet 525-5-500 codifies Commander's Appreciation and Campaign Design — Command & General Staff College / School of Advanced Military Studies — OIF Campaign: Gen. Mattis stressed planners needed to "design a broad approach to achieving objectives and accomplishing the mission; and to determine if, when, and how to change that approach when circumstances change." 5 EFTA00147608 History of Operational Design (2 of 2) • Israeli Defense Forces - lows: Operational meaty Research Institute (ORTI) - 2006: Shimon Navey (Director of ORT1) - Highly critical of the Israeli approach in rheYom Kippur War of 1973 US Special Operational Command — Center for Special Operations - Campaign Plan 7500 - Interagency Approach - Horizon of the CT Challenge to the United Stotts Government - "Range Rider" - -Global Forecasting" 6 EFTA00147609 Operational Art and Design Operational Art —Operational art is the application of intuition and creative imagination by commanders (leaders) and staffs. Supported by their skill, knowledge, experience, creativity, and judgment, commanders (leaders) seek to understand the OE, visualize and describe the desired end state, and employ assigned resources to achieve objectives. IP 54 IS Operational Design —Operational design is the conception and construction of the framework that underpins a campaign or operation and its subsequent execution. 054/V1 Ickaag Protim era Pl. , If UN no-. pa) aro... let (Mee Vii•Ate Cpotabcoal Design flernenh Onegens Deer Operational Approecn Where do we Operational Design supports operational an with a framework and general methodology using elements of operational design for understanding the situation and the problem. 7 7 EFTA00147610 Operational Design and JPP • Operational Design provides the mnreptual basis for structuring campaigns and operations. • JPP provides a proven process to organize the work of the commander, staff, subordinate commanders, and other partners to develop plans... • Operational Design and JPP are complementary elements of the overall planning process. JOW•I Operation Plantes) Process 114.000,01 0.061.41•11.All attaa 0 -maps• ri Put Fula Oes ..• AnOt One D•wele. .nO 'T Y CO Ea...ores • r t 0...reav • Fru Lam., • met.....en OnlINOCOAs .11.111 •••••le *Sawn .1••••••••••• *Pee .11111. a Memo Cii•esis• ani The iterative process between the CDR's maturing operational approach and the development of the mission through !PP facilitates the continuing development of COAs and their refinement into eventual CONOPS... 8 EFTA00147611 Operational Design Framework Four Major Components: 1. Understand Strategic Guidance 2. Understand the Operational Environment 3. Define the Problem(s) 4. Operational Approach F The components have characteristics that exist outside of each other and are not necessarily sequential. However, an understanding of the OE and the problem(s) must be established prior to developing operational approaches. 9 EFTA00147612 Design Methodology Methodology Includes: 1. Understand strategic direction and guidance Identify Problem 2. Understand the strategic environment (policies, diplomacy, politics) What prevents us from gong where we want to go? 3. Understand the operational environment (Theory*, the Current System) (Theory of the Problem) (Theory of the Dottie,' System) 4. Define the problem 5. Identify assumptions needed to continue planning (both strategic and Where We Are Operational Design Where do we want to go, operational) 6. Develop options (the operational approach) 7. Identify decisions, decision points (external to the organization) 8. Refine the operational approach(es) • Achieving a common understanding of the Situation • Continuous and recursive refinement of situational Elements of Operational Design (Theory of Acton) • Strategic end state • Military end state • Supporting departments' and agencies objectives 9. Develop planning guidance understanding Operational Approach Operational Design results in the commander's operational approach, which broadly describes the actions the Joint force needs to take to reach the end state. 10 EFTA00147613 Elements of Operational Design Where We Are • Center of Gravity Where do we want to go? • Termination • Military End State Identify Problem • Center of Gravity', Operational Approach • Objectives • Effects • Center of Gravity* • Decisive Points • LOO/LOE • Direct/Indirect Approach • Anticipation • Operational Reach • Culmination • Arranging Operations • Forces and Functions Identify Problem (newt stow CmonontSv.wm moon at ire waive., • Achieving a CORIMCNI understanding Of the sduabon • Continuous and recursive refinement cil istluabonal understanding n When We Are Operational Design Elements of Operational DOSSIn tilwayee staled Operational Approach ,,,,, ct the Veve•0 W hore do we ant to go/ • StrOter end wee • swiss end state • Suppoieng 0 pop rents Ono agencies ottectnes Elements of Operational Design • Termination • MIkilery end stale • Obtectiveo • affects • Center of gravity • Decisive pointy • Ines of operation and Ones of *non • Deed and Indirect approach • AnticiPatem • Operational leach • Culmination • An-engin° operabon• • Forces and functions *Cab Isdeveloped es poet 4 undentandkig the situation, but assists with Identifying the problem a providedetuslads/Spna the operetiond Approach 11 EFTA00147614 Strategic end state Detectives Military end state C Objectives Elects Tasks Weary end state °twang Effects Tasks Strategic Guidance Principles End State, Objectives, Effects, Tasks Litati Sbhctvwp Natonal strategic Theater strategic Operatonal Tatted Minion Obtectves Tasks End state describes me set of conditions to meet conflict termination cntena. presents friendly goals. daunts° the condemn related to die othectwes. • Desired elects describe conditions needed to acne.* objectives • V•CICised effects describe conditions that nil impede achievement of °getting. la.k, describe friendly acbCas create desired effects or preclude uncleared effects Mission clescntes the 0•9•1•74.63114 055.3110011 Oak or bask(e) and Krone. After Termination there is end state, objectives, effects and tasks. These are difficult topics so do not rush through it. Note: Tasks are not a separate element (Why? I don't know.) Notice the nesting of the levels from national strategic to tactical in the box on the left. Note: our discussion is focused on the theater strategic and operational levels where joint forces operate, not the national strategic. Joint doctrine's 'elements of operational design reside" at these two levels. Effects and tasks are not used at the national strategic level and effects are not used at the tactical level. However, the Army at the tactical level could use the term 'conditions' in lieu of effects. The box on the right defines the elements and their hierarchy. Notice that the end state is a set of conditions and should be described as conditions, that meet the termination criteria. Remember the termination criteria is approved and comes down from the national strategic level. Note: Some think that the end state should come first and that the termination criteria should be based on the end state conditions. This thinking is reasonable and true at the national strategic level, but represents misunderstanding of the operational level of war. Strategic guidance given to the joint force commander includes the strategic end state, objectives and termination criteria, from that the staff determines what conditions (the military end state) meets the termination criteria and the objectives/goals that would create those conditions. Know that an effect is a physical and/or behavioral state of a system that results from an action, a set of actions, or another effect. Therefore the effect is a description of how a system should behave when the objective is achieved. The behavior is observable and measurable and is used as a metric to determine if the objective had been met. There are four primary considerations for writing a desired effect statement (a) Each desired effect should link directly to one or more objectives (b) The effect should be measurable (c) The statement should not specify ways and means for accomplishment (d) The effect should be distinguishable from the objective it supports as a condition for success, not as another objective or a task. The following slides will discuss each element individually and include examples. 12 EFTA00147615 Understand the Operational Environment (1 of 3) Key Inputs Strategic guidance Nature of the conflict Relevant history Physical and information factors of the air, land, maritime, and space domains and the information environment Analysis (opposing, neutral, friendly) • PMESII Tools/modeh to • PESTL support analysis • ASCOPE Understanding the Operational Environment Key Outputs Description of the current operational environment • Systems perspective of the operational environment • mrr m ato s ni f nn nf t physical s and r i on the operational environment • Friendly/enemy COGs Description of the desired operational environment • Military end state • Termination criteria Description of opposing end states Where are we?...Where do we want to go? 13 EFTA00147616 Operational Environment Analytic Methods • DIME: • PMESII-PT: • ASCOPE: • PESTL: — Diplomacy — Political — Areas — Political — Information — Military — Structures — Economic — Military — Economic — Capabilities — Social — Economy — Social — Organizations — Technologic — Information — People — Legal — Infrastructure — Events — Physical Environment — Time 14 EFTA00147617 Holistic View of the Operational Environment Time SOcipee csove(San /twat , ratio's /0/0„reati Sheetas Sta/ On tow_ i7cite 4leas n°17°100/ F Po'" Ora r Spate FI 2 i rY Domain *-, 0 WAD e ...9 z i n a - r -a' .',_ ce roc, Ai in,, Olcor ace g E. d - vrnain I 6 — ° soc4 swfa_ 5 p 5. . Y Lando Sanst; S' ? MIS°11°Py r,„ae Ciniit1 /4 "14 - °Peel' 2 `g wfrass*n 9: g z „ootater's arn,„,e n _ - - N e u t r a I Met, Oc.,„„, "'Maio Qcoafro91°1°91c --.9. , alleC`c aptheariaserki t tioarace oe ticO`jivo SP° CirS Other Actors Figure IV.5. Holistic View of the Operational Environment 15 EFTA00147618 Understand the Operational Environment (2 of 3) Operational Environment is the composite of the conditions, circumstances, and influences that affect the employment of capabilities and bear on the decisions of the commander. 16 EFTA00147619 Understand the Operational Environment (3 of 3) Current System This may be a potential of this system coo Stop On* production eto.o. Friendly Desired System This may tendency of this ystem r. friendly node r • ttttttt entity node key node I k tt. - weak link as j strong link The commander must be able to describe both the current state... and the desired end state to visualize an approach to solving the problem. In developing an understanding of the interactions and relationships of relevant actors..., commanders and staffs consider natural tendencies and potentials in their analysis. 17 EFTA00147620 18 EFTA00147621 19 EFTA00147622 Define the Problem (1 of 2) Key Inputs Defining the Key Outputs Description of the current operational environment • Systems perspective of the operational environment • Impacts of physical and information factors on the operational environment • Friendly/enemy COGs Description of the desired operational environment • Military end state • Termination criteria Description of opposing end states Problem statement that identifies problem to be solved Tension between current conditions and desired end state Elements within the operational environment that must change to achieve desired end state Opportunities and threats to achieving end states Limitations Assumptions Problem Where—conceptually—should we act to achieve our desired state? 20 EFTA00147623 Defining the Problem (2 of 2) OG Stop drug production What needs to honor to get to the defiled end state? Current System r • friendly node • unfriendly node • key node let - - - - week link = strong link , Friendly Desired System i Critical to defining the problem is determining what needs to be acted on to reconcile the differences between existing and desired conditions. 21 EFTA00147624 Problem Statements • Two forms: - Interrogative — Declarative • Generally requires a "deeper" level of analysis • Must encompass the true root of the organization's challenge to drive the current state to the desired state • Can use "METT-TC" {Mission, Enemy (Threat), Terrain, Troops (Personnel), Time, Civilian Considerations (Community)} analysis to assist with focusing the problem statement 22 22 EFTA00147625 Defining the Problem No onSel soluoons cm*/ O Problem identåkabon u no In..0 is,,....-ei thal new \ Yr . • cannol «Illy 0•4001w10 "CilliCar a stoblqinS , ~CI, iSSue IS • a n crilicel lo linted SialeSS ' n oiliest& to ply n critical» he horns , , COI-Witty • lenulfiCientanailtes b OCISIASSS ~Ili al O Y.* • ~am mow:craw ~stun the issuen , I Ir ....... „ n arsch tssues of MI le I ' I•sbef. have more .., ~actor, OITLYS ‘ , (even l noi «moon (2. which rm.» mii o3 • ol- &stay I enOber IS oddlossed • WaeCh am 'pet rocks' , is • ports , i solution to • the suited. ,, br ana not reaey wino. or leti ii ~MY* - -- ptomain? Figure W411. Defining the Problem - 23 EFTA00147626 President Obama: "The United States' prime interest is to defeat ISIL and to respect Iraqi sovereignty... that will continue to be our policy." Economic Interests in Iraq 24 EFTA00147627 Sample Design Drawing — Problem Statement Tensions in Present System -UK at war with Germany and Turkey -British EEF and Turkish Fourth Army engaged in conventional battle -Turkish occupation of Arab land -Tribal Feuds among Arab tribes -Differing views of warfare dill Tendency Potential problem Statement flow does Lawrence bring together a disparate group of Arab tribes to form an effective fighting force which can support the EEF's conventional campaign against the Turks occupying the Arab lands? Or Lawrence needed to bring together a disparate group of Arab tribes to form an effective fighting force which can support the EEF1/2 conventional campaign against the Turks occupying the Arab lands. Enemy Desired System -Arabs remain unable to unite for common purpose; remain ineffective fighting force -Arabs unable to help the British war eflOrt -Turks continue occupation of Arab lands Friendly Desired System -Arabs become an effective fighting force -Arabs able to help the British war effort -Turks unable to sustain presence in Arab lands 25 EFTA00147628 Operational Approach (1 of 2) Key Inputs Problem statement that identifies problem to be solved Tension between current conditions and desired end state Elements within the operational environment that must change to achieve desired end state Opportunities and threats to achieving end states Limitations Assumptions Defining the Problem Key Outputs Description of the operational environment Definition of the problem Commander's operational approach Identify decisions and decision points (DP's) JFC's initial planning guidance • Commander's Initial Intent Refine operational approach How do we act to achieve our desired state? 26 EFTA00147629 Operational Approach (2 of 2) Current System Condition 1 Condition 2 Line of Effort Desired System Condition 1 END • • Lino of Effort STATE • Condition 2 Objective 1 Line of Operations Condition 3 Condition 3 A Objective 2 The beginning State intermediate Condition 4 of the operational environment Factor: (A comtinatian of actions. decisive points. milestones, intermediate objectives. Or The state of the environment that achieves end State other factors on a 100 or WE necessary In Cfr.Ve neared Cry,l'rW.) ObjeCtives I men I> OpnalkeS DtilinMandbeeb The operational approach reflects understanding of the operational environment and the problem while describing the commander's visualization of a broad approach for achieving the desired end state. 27 EFTA00147630 Understanding the Linkage of an Operational Approach https://votAv.youtube.com/watch?v=W5qQb1HZ5gQ 28 EFTA00147631 Sample Design Drawing — Operational Approach Problem Statement How does US, partners and "Moderate Muslim nations town and maintain a MNF for an enduring effort to support Iran DI Sumrs) to defeat ISIS, enable broader WoT and restore regional security and stabiity, while respecting state sovereignty, preventing long term involvement of US ground combat troops, and without increasing Iranian threat. MN Cooperation Strengthen Iraq Target ISIL • Promote regional mop a =magma • strengthen border/migration • Reautment 61rupted •wenjthen Iwq motwol inittrytws •raq, NY to Non sovaegn •ragtew'tr b-0 Itabitivr,p,oved •We When,' .tnd 'We rase, •I9i. toga to/ SunaJdalog 'SILO •Umned VS Van/ troop) Defeat Mechanism Winning the Narrative US Strateakauldanet -Improve stability and security in central region (M/E) -Respectstate sovereignty (D/M) -Protect interests (D/E) -Umited ground combat operations (I/M) Operational Anoroarh Narrative The approach will include three broad lines of effort; strengthening Iraq, targeting MIL and MN cooperation. We will build and maintain a strong multinational force that is able to effectively plan and coordinate effects, and manage risk. Iraqi land forces will be supported by SOF, air and stand-off effects and training/advisory forces. Operations will include a range of conventional and unconventional methods to directly and indirectly target, degrade and defeat ISIL's "Apocalyptic" narrative. We will work to gain the collective support of 'moderate' Muslims. NI regional operations will be aligned to ensure they are complementary and synergistic with broader WoT effects and outcomes. 29 EFTA00147632 Sample Design Drawing - Operational Approach Categories of Analysis emduces Conceptual Plan 'iliths-edag Desired System Algebraical .reed toadmire factors reLtted to space and limo Biological •mad touter down cu,onY Psychological .treed 6r moral support 4 4 Defeat itlechannin- Ep uPPoct Mobility rya i of populace Mobility eluu nrccmion Irresube warfare Info Opt Intelligence WM* Desired System -Arabs become an effective fighting force -Arabs able to help the British war eflon -Turks unable to sustain presence in Arab lands Operational Approach N he Using the algebraically, biological, and psychological categories of analysis. Lawrence envisioned a conceptual plan centered on guerrilla warfare against the Turks. His conceptual plan was built on the four pillars of populace support, precision intelligence, operational mobility, and irregular warfare tactics which optimized the strengths of the Arabs in this harsh environment. The defeat mechanism for this plan was exhaustion of the Turkish forces in Arabia thmugh attacks on the "enemy's material.- The Arabs would thus be transformed into an effective fighting force able to support the British war effort and ultimately make it unsustainable for the Turks to continue its occupation. 30 30 EFTA00147633 DIRECT NSS— National Security Strategy UCP—Unified Command Plan QDR— Quadrennial Defense Review NMS— National Military Strategy OHSR-- Quadrennial Homeland Security Review (Dept of Homeland Security) QDDR-- Quadrennial Diplomacy and Development Review (Dept of State) EMPLOY GEF- Guidance for Employment of the Force RPG- Resource Planning Guidance CPG-- Contingency Planning Guidance JSCP-- Joint Strategic Capabilities Plan (Next release: Joint Strategic Campaign Plan TCP— Theater Campaign Plan TPP— theater Posture Plan OPLAN- Operations Plan (complete plan with all annexes and TPFDL (Time Phased Force Deployment List)) CONPLAN- Contingency Plan (Base plan with select annexes and TPFDL BASEPLAN- Complete Base plan without annexes CDR's Estimate- Commander's Estimate Assess CRA-- Chairman's Risk Assessment CRS-- Chairman's Readiness System JSR- Joint Strategic Review AJA- Annual Joint Assessment (Renamed from CRA) Develop CCJO- Chairman's Concept for Joint Operations Military Departments! Defense Organizations USA- U.S. Army USMC-- U.S. Marine Corps USN- U.S. Navy USAF- U.S. Air Force USCG- U.S. Coast Guard USSOCOM- U.S. Special Operations Command Service Components ARFOR— Army Forces MARFOR— Marine Forces NAVFOR-- Navy Forces AFFOR- Air Force Forces TSOC— Theater Special Operations Command Functional Components JFACC- Joint Force Air Component Commander JFLCC- Joint Force Land Component Commander JFMCC- Joint Force Maritime Component Commander JTF- Joint Task Force JSOTF- Joint Special Operations Task Force EFTA00147634 JMISTF— Joint Military Information Support Task Force JCMOTF- Joint Civil Military Operations Task Force JIATF—Joint Interagency Task Force EFTA00147635