EFTA00308046.pdf

SYLLABUS for NEUROBIOLOGY 101 updated Sept. 17, 2007 Harvard College & Graduate School of Arts & Sciences Fall Term, 2007-2008 Monday Sept 17, 2007 - January 23, 2008 GSAS Registration, Sept 12, 2007 MS Upper Class Registration, Sept 14, 2007 Neurobiology 101. Auditory Neurobiology of Language & Music Lectures Tues & Thurs, 11:30A -1:00P Harvard Yard, Sever Hall, Room 202 I Section per Wk (90 mins), Time & Place to be announced in class Fatally Mark Jude Tramo, MD, PhD Asst. Professor of Neurology, Harvard Medical School Steering Committee, Harvard University Mind/Brain/Behavior Interfaculty Initiative Attending Neurologist, Massachusetts General Hospital www.Brain'Music.org Office hours by appoinnnenr, The Institute for Music & Brain Science, 175 Cambridge St, Suite 340, Room 382, Boston Jonathan I. Matsui, PhD Lecturer on Molecular & Cellular Biology, Harvard University Neurobiology Concentration Advisor for Harvard College Undergraduates, Harvard Faculty of Arts & Sciences Office hours by appointment, BioLabs Rm 1082a, Divinity Ave, Cambridge Teaching Fellow Caroline Niziolek, MS PhD Candidate, Harvard-MIT Speech & Heating Bioscience & Technology Graduate Studies Program Office hours by a ointment, BioLabs Rm 1075, Divinity Ave, Cambridge Guest Lecturers Marc D. Hauser, PhD Co-Director, Harvard University Mind/Brain/Behavior Interfaculty Initiative Harvard College Professor of Psychology and of Organismic & Evolutionary Biology Louis D. Braida, PhD Co-Director, Harvard-M.I.T. Speech & Hearing Biosciences & Technology Graduate Studies Program Henry Warren Ellis Professor of Electrical Engineering, M.I.T. Sensory Communication Group, Research Laboratory of Electronics, M.I.T. Bertrand Delgutte, PhD Co-Director, Harvard-M.I.T. Speech & Bearing Biosciences & Technology Graduate Studies Program EFTA00308046 Senior Research Scientist, Research Laboratory of Electronics, M.I.T. Eaton-Peabody laboratory• of Auditory Physiology, Dept of Otology & laryngology, Harvard Medical School Course Description Flow does the brain transform air-pressure waves striking our eardrums — or the words you are reading on this page — into the sounds we hear in our heads? What parts of the hearing brain are necessary and sufficient to understand spoken, seen, or imagined words, dance to music, and recognize your mother's voice? When do auditory-perceptual capacities critical to language acquisition develop? What happens to linguistic and musical abilities if congenital or acquired diseases alter their underlying molecular substrates and neural circuitry? In this 13-week lecture course, current knowledge and conceptual insights from multiple scientific disciplines and the humanities (biology, engineering, computer science, psychology, linguistics, musk) are brought to bear on these questions. Lectures and Sections are organized into five topics: 1) Introduction to Auditory Neurobiology, 2) Auditory Communication•, 3) Signal Processing b. the Auditory Systenr, 4) Molecular Biology of the Auditory System, and 5) Developmental Biology of the Auditoy System. We introduce data from experiments investigating how the brain and ear 1) transform acoustic signals into auditory percepts; 2) discriminate differences within and across acoustic and semantic categories of auditory percepts (e.g., different words, voices, musical instruments); 3) abstract perceptual constancies despite variations in acoustic features (e.g., your roommate's voice here, there, and everywhere last year); and 4) integrate percept formation with implicit knowledge about language and music gained through years of acculturation. Students will be expected to master topics in systems neurobiology, molecular neurobiology, psychophysics, and other fields of active research in auditory neuroscience. Basic principles taught in multiple undergraduate departments will be connected with concepts about the neurobiology of disease as they relate to deafness, aphasia, dyslexia, and amusia; these connections will provide a basis for introducing contextualized material in molecular pathology, systems pathophysiology, neurology, and neuroimaging that are traditionally reserved for medical school and graduate school education. Emerging treatment, rehabilitation, and education technologies and new ideas for future research in the brave new worlds of neurobionics and genetic engineering will be explored. Pre-requisites MCB 80. Neurobiology of Behavior Secondary• School Physics or Engineering Secondary• School Algebra and Trigonometry Not required: Ability to read or play music Course Requirements ter Grading Lecture & Section Participation & Homework (25% of grade) One Mid-Term Examination (30% of grade) Final Examination (45% of grade) No make-up MiatTenze Examination aril/ be crud. If you miss the Mid•Term Examination; 1) you must have a written medical excuse from University Health Services in order to pass the count; and Z your course grade will he calculated as follows: lecture & Section = 25%; Final Examination = 75%. Books ter Other Resources - Please see end of document* EFTA00308047 WEEK 1 Lecture Series I. Introduction to Auditory Neurobiology Tuesday, Sept 18 Course Overview The Heating Brain Tramo No Section in Week 1 Thursday, Sept 20 Pictures of Sound Tramo Friday, Sept 21, STUDY CARD DAY 5P today is the deadline for undergraduate and graduate students to complete electronic sectioning in our course; Section time(s) and plate(es) will have been discussed in class. WEEK 2 Lecture Series IL Auditory Communication Tuesday, Sept 25 f?1 ,11144. *Zyletfle In/Mil Phonetics, Phonology, Prosody in Relation to Grammar dr Semiotics in Babble, Intetjections, Expletives, Conversation, Prose, Patty, Son& Music, Film, Puns, dr Branding (Whew!) Tramo Section #1 Acoustical Meant:winks: From Sound Level Meters to Oscilloscopes to Garage Band Thursday, Sept 27 Neuroplysiolog do'Neuroanatomry of Language I Tramo WEEK 3 Monday, Oct 1 5P today is the deadline for undergraduates to either drop the course or change the grade from a letter-grade to pass fail (or vice versa) without frying the Registrar a fie Tuesday, Oct 2 Neuropsysioky Neuroanatomry of Language II Tramo EFTA00308048 Section #2 Acoustic Phonetics & Pgchoacoustics Laboratory, Demotutrations Thursday, Oct 4 Nemwtsiolog &Neuron/Wong of Language III Tramo WEEK 4 Tuesday, Oct 9 Evokition of the Language Faculty Hauser Section #3 Human Brain Imaging Thursday, Oct 11 Neuropkysioksy Neuroanatewg of Music I Tramo WEEK 5 Monday, Oct 15 5/) today is the deadline for undergraduates to either drop the course or change the grade from a letter-grade to passfail (or vice versa) Tuesday, Oct 16 Neuroplysiokgy &Nesiroanatong of Music II Tramo Section #4 Electra- & Magneto-encephakgraply (EEG &MEG): Evoked Potentials & Event Related Potentials (EPs & ERPs) Thursday, Oct 18 Neuroplysiology &Me/wow:atom,. of Musk III Tramo WEEK 6 Tuesday, Oct 23 Comparisons Between Language & Music Tramo Section #5 Review of Auditory Communication Lecture Series III: Signal Processing ky the Auditory System EFTA00308049 Thursday, Oct 25 The Ear and Organ of Corti: Signal Amplification, Filtering, Transduction, and Mechanical Tuning in the Auditory Periphery Matsui WEEK 7 Monday, Oct 29 51) today h the deadline for graduate students to registerfortbis course Tuesday, Oct 30 The Auditory Nerve: Representation of Vocal dr Masked Stimulus Features in the Discharge Patterns of Auditory-Nara Fibers Delgutte Section #6 Phyriology & Anatomy of the Auditory System Thursday, Nov 1 Miracle Ear. Curing Deafness via Acoustic-to-Bioeleriric Signal Transformation & Direct Electrical Stimulation of the Cochlea Using Implantable, Programmable Devices Braida WEEK 8 Tuesday, Nov 6 Auditory Brainstem Tramo Section #7 Spike Trains & Neural Coding Thursday, Nov 8 Auditory Brainstent &Auditory Cortex Tramo WEEK 9 Tuesday, Nov 13 Auditory Cortex, Multi-Modal Cortex, & Supra-Modal Cortex Tramo Section #8 Review of Signal Processing bi tbe Auditory System Thursday, Nov 15 Mid-Tern Examination: Auditory Communication & Signal Processing by the Aucktog System EFTA00308050 Saturday, Nov 17 Yale Game, at Yale WEEK 10 Tuesday, Nov 20 Review of Mid-Term Examination Tramo Thursday, Nov 22 Thanksgiving No Chars, No Section WEEK 11 Lecture Series IV: Developmental Biology of the Auditory System Tuesday, Nov 27 Development oft& Ear & Penpberal Auditory Nervous System Matsui Section #9 'The (Neuro)Bionic Woman": Prime Time for Bioengineering the Future Thursday, Nov 29 Development of the Central Auditory Newous System Matsui WEEK 12 Tuesday, Dec 4 Language Development in Infants & Children Matsui Section #10 ita" Pt. te, Critical Periods, & Sign Language Lecture Series V. Molecular Biology of the Auditory System Thursday, Dec 6 Molecular Pathology & Pathopbesiology of Genetic Diseases I Matsui WEEK 13 Tuesday, Dec 11 Molecular Pathology Pathornsiology of Genetic Diseases II EFTA00308051 Matsui Section #11 Congenital Hearing Loss a' the Search for Mutations Thursday, Dec 13 Social Prychology of Developmental Communication Disorders Matsui WEEK 14 Tuesday, Dec 18 Review of Mokmkr ier Developmental Biology of the Auditory System Matsui No Section in Week 14 Wednesday, Dec 19 First Day of Winter Recess READING PERIOD Section #12 Date will have been discussed and announced in class FINAL EXAM Date will have been annomwed in class Exam Group 13: Mon., Jan 14, 2008 Exam Group 14: Thu., Jars 17, 2008 In selecting courses, students should understand that final exams for two courses that fall within the same Exam Group or Exam Group Set (see below) will be scheduled on the same day. Students who want to avoid having two exams on one day should not enroll in two courses with the same Exam Group or Exam Group Set. All courses assigned to the following Exam Group Sets are scheduled to have their final exams on the same day: Exam Groups I, 7, 14 Exam Groups 2, 15, 16 Exam Groups 6, 10 Exam Groups 8, 9, II, 12, 17, 18 Occasionally, the Registrar may need to assign an Exam Group that does not correspond to the meeting days and times of a course - students are therefore advised that they should not make any travel plans until the official final examination schedule is published. *REQUIRED BOOK efr FREEWARE 1. Fundamentals of Hearing, 5" Ec4 by William Yost. Academic Press, NY, 2007. Available at the Harvard Coop. Excellent figures, appendices, and supplements re: topics we cover in acoustics, psychophysics, audiology, and signal processing in the peripheral auditory nervous system. Lecture notes and recommended reading will provide additional information on these topics and most, if not all, of the written material about signal processing in the central auditory system, molecular and cellular neurobiology, systems neurobiology, neurobiology of disease, and EFTA00308052 neuroimaging. At Coop; On Resent 2. http://www.praat.org. Paul Boersma and David Weenink's website has Praat freeware ("praat" is Dutch for "gossip" or "speak") — a digital sound recording, editing, and analysis program. We use Praat in our course demonstrations, and it is in widespread use in speech and hearing research laboratories around the world. Kudos to Pal and David! Mac, IBM, and other platforms are supported. One of the best ways to learn about sound perception is to make sounds and listen how different manipulations affect how what you make hears. Just go to the website and download the freeware to a disk that is available to you; run the program and play with sounds while listening on headphones or good loudspeakers to optimize perception. Relevant to material and exercises covered during Lecture Series I though Ill and in Sections. Have fun with it! RECOMMENDED BOOKS Or CD • hnp://www.brainmusic.orWMBB91 Webpage/Neurobiol0l.html This page on the Institute for Music & Brain Science website contains the Course Syllabus, selected lecture slides and images (in the form of powerpoint presentations), section material, pdf's of relevant literature, other types of files, and more — the sum total of which will exceed the space of our course site on the FAS server. The home page, www.Brain'Music.org, has several links that are likely to be of interest to students in the course. • Anatomy and &jollity of Hearing for Andiokgists, William Clark & Kevin Ohlemiller, Thomson Delmar, ClifionPark, NY, 2007. At Coop and On Resent. One way to learn how something works is to find out how it breaks. This book does a good job of teaching health professionals who specialize in the diagnostic evaluation of patients with hearing loss what nwnt wrong with the basic biological mechanisms in their patients. So, if you read this book (or at least parts of it), you'll make connections between what you learn about the neurobiology of normal hearing with what you learn about the pathophysiology and pathology of hearing loss. Excellent source for current knowledge about the peripheral auditory system, but not the central auditory system; consequently, won't help you gain insights into neural mechanisms underling percept formation and auditory cognition in language and music. • The Central Auditory ,S:ystem, Gunter Ehret & Raymond Remand (eds), Oxford Press, NY 1996. At Coop and On Resent This is one of the few auditory central nervous system textbooks that covers the single- and multi-unit physiology of auditory cortex, thalamus, midbrain, and medulla in the kind of detail appropriate for a high-level auditory neurobiology course. However, it is an edited book, so it is not surprising that it lacks a central theme to tie the chapters together, other than the fact they are about mkrophysiology, microanatomy, and signal processing. That said, the much of the material covered in Lertan Series III: Signal Processing In, tbe Auditory Mims System, will draw from literature covered in this book. • Spikes: F-xploring the Neural Code, Fred Rieke, David Worland, Rob deRuytervanSteveninck, William Biakk, M.I.T. Press, 1999. At Coop and On Resent. This book is of special interest for students wishing to explore perceptual-physiological correlates from the perspectives of systems neurobiology, computational neuroscience, biophysics, mathematical modeling, and probability and statistics. Relevant to ',trine Series III: .figna/Proassing Iry the Auditory Nervous System. • Cambridge Engdopedia of Language, 7 d Ed, David Crystal, Cambridge Univ Press, 1997. At Coop and On Resenr. This large book treats the term "language" in its broadest sense across multiple disciplines. The sections on phonetics, phonology, prosody, evolution, and development are relevant to I_Inimre Series II: Amditog Communication and 1-mturr and briars Series IV: Developmental Biology of the Auditory System. The figures are excellent and the condensed format expedites covering the bare essentials. You will need to go beyond this encyclopedia to get a fuller and more accurate picture of each topic. • Harvard Dictionary of Music, C Ed, D. Randle (ed), Harvard Press, Cambridge, MA, 2003. At Coop and On Resent. Although coursework and performance in music is not a pre-requisite for this course, you will be required to read about the acoustics, phonology, and grammar of popular Western music (e.g., rock, classical) during the course. Entries in music dictionaries (e.g., "harmonic analysis", "triad") can be quite informative, EFTA00308053 especially after some basic knowledge has been acquired in lectures and sections. At Coop 6' On Resent. If you buy the Dictionary. at Harvard Coop, Harvard Univ Press, or elsewhere, please make sun you get the e edition. • Co-Planar Stereotaxic Atlas oft& Human Brain: 3-Dimensional Proportional System: An Approach to Cerebral Imaging, Jean Talairach and Pierre Toumoux. On Resent. Neuroanatomy always presents a special challenge — short books with good pictures — and labels - are hard to find. Atlases are very expensive and include way too much material. Students often overestimate how difficult this topic is and how much you need to know for a count like this — partly because we aren't clear about what is important to learn and what isn't You need to learn the anatomy of the cerebral cortex for Lecture Series II and III. When it comes to the cerebral cortex, consider this: there are only two hemispheres; each of which has only four lobes and about two dozen gyri (same Greek root as the sandwich "gyros"). You need to know the names of these lobes and gyri. That's the base knowledge. Then, get some sense of how they relate to other, more indirect or abstract designations (e.g., Brodmann's "area 22", "Wemicke's area", "auditory" cortex ). There are several books at Cabot Library and the Medical School Library (Countway) that are excellent resources - just use "Human Neuroanatomy" as a Hollis search term. There are also several resources available on the Internet. You don't need to learn about the the spinal cord, spinal nerves, or cranial nerves (except the "auditory nerve", a.k.a., "cranial nerve VIII", "vestibulocochlear nerve') for this course. The Talairach Atlas of the cerebral hemispheres is in widespread use in current neuroimaging research. • Colorful Introduction to the Anatonry of the Human Brain, A: A Brain and Rrydrology Coloring Book, John P.J. Pined, Maggie E. Edwards, Boston: Allyn & Bacon, Inc., 1997. On Resent. Interactive learning, the old-fashioned way. • Introduction to the Porbologe of Hearing 0 Edition, Moore B, Cambridge Univ, 2003. On Resent. The most popular "psychology of hearing" book for over two decades, this small paperback is single-authored by one of the world's leading psychoacousticians. It has more psychology and less physiology and anatomy than Yost's book. Although "psychology of hearing" is the title, it's really an introduction to the subdiscipline, psychophysics of hearing, for which it can be used as an abridged reference text; it does not cover the subdiscipline, cognitive psychology of hearing, which our course also covers. • IntroducingPbonetic Science, M Ashby & J Alaidment , Cambridge U Press, NY, 2005. On Resent. The authors do an excellent job explaining and illustrating some of the key points about phonetics and phonology that are introduced in 1-seturr Series 11: Auditory Communication. • Dictionary off-intrust/is and Phonetics, 0 Ed, David Crystal, Blackwell, Boston, 2003. On Resent. Precise and sometimes in-depth definitions of terms we introduce in Lecture Series 11: Auditory. Communication. • The Audio Dirtionag, 7 4 Ed, Glenn White, U Wash, Seattle, WA, 1991. Another resource for clarifying the meaning of recondite tents — in this instance, terms used to describe different types of acoustic signals described in Lecture Series II and III. We didn't put this on reserve. • Acoustical Society of Amenra Auditory Demonstration CD. Trying to understand, no less talk about, auditory experiments on pitch, harmony, timbre, etc. is as frustrating as trying to follow circuitous directions involving twists and turns around streets with names you've never heard before — and can't even pronounce! Words just don't do it It's better to listen to the stimuli used in psychoacoustic experiments. Houtsma and Rossing made this "Best of" compilation CD for that reason. If you hear the stimuli and understand what the experiments were about (concise explanations of each track and related experiments are included), your reading of Yost and related recommended books will be clearer. We will use some of the tracks in Lecture Sena II: /Irak°, Communication. The CD is published by the Acoustic Society of America. Send orders for the "ASA Auditory Demonstrations on Compact Disc" to Acoustical Society of America (ASA) Publications, P.O. Box 1020, Sewickley, PA 15143-9998; Tel: 412-741-1979; Fax: 412-741-0609; Email (for inquiries): asapubs@abdintl.com. Price: ASA members $23; Nonmembers $31. Postage and handling charges are: US. orders - $6.00 for first title; $2.00 for each additional title; Prepay by check or money order in U.S. funds drawn on a US. bank or by Mastercard, Visa, or American Express credit cards. END 9/15/07 EFTA00308054